Planning Considerations of Cultural Tourism Development

Chi-Fan Lin,Yi-De Liu 세계문화관광학회 2009 Conference Proceedings Vol.10 No.0

Cultural tourism can be used to achieve a wide range of tourism policy goals. To reflect both the diversity of resources and tourists, planning is necessary. The aim of this research is to identify critical factors of cultural tourism planning, and group them into dimensions. The four dimensions developed include: inherent resources, created resources, marketing and governance. First, based on the amount and attractiveness of inherent resources, either heritage-oriented or event-oriented competitive strategies can be adopted to craft a city's positioning. Apart from the cultural heritage and attractions, general tourist infrastructure and its accessibility also play an important role in attracting cultural tourists. Second, differing from inherent resources, created resources can be invented and are known as cultural tourism products. The competitive success of cultural tourism products relies on their authenticity, inclusiveness and creativity. Third, segmentation is an important concept in tourism marketing, and this is especially true for cultural tourism. According to previous research, there are at least six variables that marketers could use to segment cultural tourism market. In addition to the market segmentation, cities also have to communicate their products effectively to clearly identified target markets. Finally, developing cultural products for tourism requires a diverse range of actors to work together effectively. However, one major problem is that the management of cultural tourism is usually in the hands of many different actors. It is therefore essential to build up partnerships between culture and tourism sectors, and between public and private sectors. To sum up, the planning of cultural tourism not only depends on the availability of resources but also the deployment of resources. Namely, to produce competitive advantages, it needs to combine the basic inherent resources and created tourism products with proper collaboration and marketing.

Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of cisplatin and troxacitabine administered intravenously every 28 days in patients with advanced solid malignancies

Lin, Chia-Chi,Beeram, Muralidhar,Rowinsky, Eric K.,Takimoto, Chris H.,Ng, Chee M.,Geyer Jr, Charles E.,Denis, Louis J.,De Bono, Johann S.,Hao, Desiree,Tolcher, Anthony W.,Rha, Sun-Young,Jolivet, Jacqu Springer-Verlag 2009 Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology Vol.65 No.1

The Development of Cultural Tourism

Yi-De Liu,Chi-Fan Lin 세계문화관광학회 2009 Conference Proceedings Vol.10 No.0

This paper aims to identify commonalities in the successful development of cultural tourism in the UK that may be applied to other cities with similar contextual characteristics for cultural tourism development. It is also presented as a baseline for further comparative analysis. By examining and comparing the strategies of four major cities (i.e. London, Edinburg, Glasgow and Liverpool) with abundant experience in developing cultural tourism, it is found that London and Edinburgh, with an established cultural base and a large amount of 'real cultural capital', have managed to derive considerable economic benefit from its existing cultural facilities through developing cultural tourism. On the contrary, in Glasgow and Liverpool, the lack of an existing cultural base necessitated a strategy of investing continuously in new cultural attractions and events, and need to pay proportionately far more efforts than London and Edinburgh. Some implications are drawn for those cities tend to use cultural tourism for economic and tourism development. First, heritage resources are usually place-dependent, whereas art production and consumption is relatively place-independent. For those new destinations trying to overcome the dominance of the existing cultural capitals, they may focus on drama, musical performances or art displays those have higher mobility. Second, having culture is not enough. It is important to understand the needs of the cultural tourist, particularly in terms of the growing need to mix different cultural forms, such as 'high' and 'popular' culture, and 'learning' and 'fun'. Third, the event of the European Capitals of Culture is probably a good example of the new trends of cultural tourism. For instance, the brand created for Glasgow and Liverpool as European Capital of Culture status are set to last over and beyond the year of the event itself. However, care should be taken in the development of such event-based strategies.

Estimation of the Pedestrians on a Crosswalk

Sheng-Fuu Lin,Chi-De Lin 제어로봇시스템학회 2006 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2006 No.10

Investigating Medical Cost and Mortality Among Psychiatric Patients Involuntary Admissions: A Nationwide Propensity Score-Matched Study

Pei-Ying Tseng,Xin-Yu Xie,Ching-Chi Hsu,Sarina Hui-Lin Chien,Jen-De Chen,Jong-Yi Wang 대한신경정신의학회 2022 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.19 No.7

Objective Involuntary admission to psychiatric inpatient care can protect both patients with severe mental illnesses and individuals around them. This study analyzed annual healthcare costs per person for involuntary psychiatric admission and examined categories of mental disorders and other factors associated with mortality.Methods This retrospective cohort study collected 1 million randomly sampled beneficiaries from the National Health Insurance Database for 2002–2013. It identified and matched 181 patients with involuntary psychiatric admissions (research group) with 724 patients with voluntary psychiatric admissions (control group) through 1:4 propensity-score matching for sex, age, comorbidities, mental disorder category, and index year of diagnosis.Results Mean life expectancy of patients with involuntary psychiatric admissions was 33.13 years less than the general population. Average annual healthcare costs per person for involuntary psychiatric admissions were 3.94 times higher compared with voluntary admissions. The general linear model demonstrated that average annual medical costs per person per compulsory hospitalization were 5.8 times that of voluntary hospitalization. Survival analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model found no significant association between type of psychiatric admission (involuntary or voluntary) and death.Conclusion This study revealed no significant difference in mortality between involuntary and voluntary psychiatric admissions, indicating involuntary treatment’s effectiveness.

Methylation Status of Transcriptional Modulatory Genes Associated with Colorectal Cancer in Northeast China

Han-Lu Gao,Xuan Wang,Hong-Ru Sun,Jun-De Zhou,Shang-Qun Lin,Yu-Hang Xing,Lin Zhu,Hai-Bo Zhou,Ya-Shuang Zhao,Qiang Chi,Yu-Peng Liu 거트앤리버 소화기연관학회협의회 2018 Gut and Liver Vol.12 No.2

Background/Aims: Methylation status plays a causal role in carcinogenesis in targeted tissues. However, the relationship between the DNA methylation status of multiple genes in blood leukocytes and colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility as well as interactions between dietary factors and CRC risks are unclear. Methods: We performed a case-control study with 466 CRC patients and 507 cancer-free controls to investigate the association among the methylation status of individual genes, multiple CpG site methylation (MCSM), multiple CpG site heterogeneous methylation and CRC susceptibility. Peripheral blood DNA methylation levels were detected by performing methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting. Results: Total heterogeneous methylation of CA10 and WT1 conferred a significantly higher risk of CRC (adjusted odds ratio [ORadjusted], 5.445; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.075 to 9.643; ORadjusted, 1.831; 95% CI, 1.100 to 3.047; respectively). Subjects with high-level MCSM (MCSM-H) status demonstrated a higher risk of CRC (ORadjusted, 4.318; 95% CI, 1.529 to 12.197). Additionally, interactions between the high-level intake of fruit and CRH, WT1, and MCSM on CRC were statistically significant. Conclusions: The gene methylation status of blood leukocytes may be associated with CRC risk. MCSM-H of blood leukocytes was associated with CRC, especially in younger people. Some dietary factors may affect hypermethylation status and influence susceptibility to CRC.