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The Correlates of Corruption in India: Analysis and Evidence from the States
Nicholas Charron 서울대학교행정대학원 2010 Asian Journal of Political Science Vol.18 No.2
Several leading indicators of corruption point to a serious problem in India on the whole. Yet what can explain the substantial variance of corruption levels perceived andexperienced by citizens across various Indian states? Surprisingly little research in thefield has addressed this important question. This article elucidates several relevant andtestable hypotheses from the growing literature on the determinants of corruption, andapplies them to the case of the Indian states. The estimates of the empirical models showthat the level of development*measured both in economic and education terms*andthe level of fiscal decentralization are significant and negatively related with levels ofcorruption. Factors such as income inequality, religious fractionalization, media exposureare statistically insignificant.
Lee, Jae-Hoon,Terzaghi, William,Gusmaroli, Giuliana,Charron, Jean-Benoit F,Yoon, Hye-Jin,Chen, Haodong,He, Yizhou Joseph,Xiong, Yue,Deng, Xing Wang American Society of Plant Physiologists 2008 The Plant cell Vol.20 No.1
<P>A subset of WD40 proteins that contain a DWD motif (for DDB1 binding WD40) is reported to act as substrate receptors for DDB1-CUL4-ROC1 (for Damaged DNA Binding 1-Cullin 4-Regulator of Cullins 1) based E3 ubiquitin ligases in humans. Here, we report 85 Arabidopsis thaliana and 78 rice (Oryza sativa) proteins containing the conserved 16-amino acid DWD motif. We show by yeast two-hybrid and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation that 11 Arabidopsis DWD proteins directly interact with DDB1 and thus may serve as substrate receptors for the DDB1-CUL4 machinery. We further examine whether the DWD protein PRL1 (for Pleiotropic Regulatory Locus 1) may act as part of a CUL4-based E3 ligase. PRL1 directly interacts with DDB1, and prl1 and cul4cs mutants exhibited similar phenotypes, including altered responses to a variety of stimuli. Moreover, AKIN10 (for Arabidopsis SNF1 Kinase Homolog 10) was degraded more slowly in cell extracts of prl1 and cul4cs than in cell extracts of the wild type. Thus, both genetic and biochemical analyses support the conclusion that PRL1 is the substrate receptor of a CUL4-ROC1-DDB1-PRL1 E3 ligase involved in the degradation of AKIN10. This work adds a large new family to the current portfolio of plant E3 ubiquitin ligases.</P>
Tripathi, Om P.,Baldwin, Mark,Charlton‐,Perez, Andrew,Charron, Martin,Eckermann, Stephen D.,Gerber, Edwin,Harrison, R. Giles,Jackson, David R.,Kim, Baek‐,Min,Kuroda, Yuhji,Lang, Andrea,Mah John WileySons, Ltd 2015 Quarterly journal of the Royal Meteorological Soci Vol.141 No.689
<P>Extreme variability of the winter‐ and spring‐time stratospheric polar vortex has been shown to affect extratropical tropospheric weather. Therefore, reducing stratospheric forecast error may be one way to improve the skill of tropospheric weather forecasts. In this review, the basis for this idea is examined. A range of studies of different stratospheric extreme vortex events shows that they can be skilfully forecasted beyond 5 days and into the sub‐seasonal range (0–30 days) in some cases. Separate studies show that typical errors in forecasting a stratospheric extreme vortex event can alter tropospheric forecast skill by 5–7% in the extratropics on sub‐seasonal time‐scales. Thus understanding what limits stratospheric predictability is of significant interest to operational forecasting centres. Both limitations in forecasting tropospheric planetary waves and stratospheric model biases have been shown to be important in this context.</P>
Tripathi, Om P.,Baldwin, Mark,Charlton-Perez, Andrew,Charron, Martin,Cheung, Jacob C. H.,Eckermann, Stephen D.,Gerber, Edwin,Jackson, David R.,Kuroda, Yuhji,Lang, Andrea AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2016 Monthly weather review Vol.144 No.5
<P>The first multimodel study to estimate the predictability of a boreal sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) is performed using five NWP systems. During the 2012/13 boreal winter, anomalous upward propagating planetary wave activity was observed toward the end of December, which was followed by a rapid deceleration of the westerly circulation around 2 January 2013, and on 7 January 2013 the zonal-mean zonal wind at 608N and 10 hPa reversed to easterly. This stratospheric dynamical activity was followed by an equatorward shift of the tropospheric jet stream and by a high pressure anomaly over the North Atlantic, which resulted in severe cold conditions in the United Kingdom and northern Europe. In most of the five models, the SSW event was predicted 10 days in advance. However, only some ensemble members in most of the models predicted weakening of westerly wind when the models were initialized 15 days in advance of the SSW. Further dynamical analysis of the SSW shows that this event was characterized by the anomalous planetary wavenumber-1 amplification followed by the anomalous wavenumber-2 amplification in the stratosphere, which resulted in a split vortex occurring between 6 and 8 January 2013. The models have some success in reproducing wavenumber-1 activity when initialized 15 days in advance, but they generally failed to produce the wavenumber-2 activity during the final days of the event. Detailed analysis shows that models have reasonably good skill in forecasting tropospheric blocking features that stimulate wavenumber-2 amplification in the troposphere, but they have limited skill in reproducing wavenumber-2 amplification in the stratosphere.</P>