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The Access Paradox: Media Environment Diversity and Coverage of Activist Groups in Japan and Korea
Celeste L. Arrington 동아시아연구원 2017 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.17 No.1
To what extent is a diverse news media environment good for activists who seek attention for their cause? Scholars agree that activist groups depend on the media to reach policymakers and bystanders. Yet prior scholars have overlooked how factors that contribute to media environment diversity—including journalistic norms, market structures, outlets’ partisanship, and audiences’ news consumption habits—can have contradictory implications for activist groups. Disaggregating questions of gaining publicity from questions of the message and reach of coverage, this article shows that while pluralistic media environments are more accessible to activists, more homogeneous media environments help groups that manage to break into the mainstream news reach wider audiences with more coherent narratives. These findings challenge common assumptions about the news media in Japan and Korea. A paired comparison of hepatitis C-related activism in both countries demonstrate show the forces democratizing access to the media are paradoxically reducing the persuasive potential of publicity.
The Politics of NGOs and Democratic Governance in South Korea and Japan
이숙종,Celeste Arrington 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2008 Pacific Focus Vol.23 No.1
The growing number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is fundamentally reshaping the balance of power and the roles of NGOs in democratic governance in Japanese and Korean politics, but in distinctive ways. Korean advocacy NGOs influence policymaking by focusing on politics at the center, while Japanese NGOs achieve influence by focusing on local politics. Whereas Korean NGOs tend to be contentious and politicized, Japanese NGOs adopt more pragmatic and cooperative stances. What factors explain these significant differences in the character of NGOs and the patterns of their participation in democratic politics in Japan and Korea? This paper argues that the effects of the historical development of civil society are essential components to any explanation of the patterns of NGOs’ relations with the government and the public and their organizational structure and strategies. Civic associations in both countries have both exploited and been empowered by developments in party politics, the public’s receptiveness to NGOs, and state actors’ attitudes toward NGOs. By comparing NGOs in Japan and Korea, this paper aims to enhance our understanding of the similarities and differences in both countries’ civil societies, as well as of the factors that have led to these distinctive patterns of NGO politics.