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Saletti, Giulietta,Ç,uburu, Nicolas,Yang, Jae Seung,Dey, Ayan,Czerkinsky, Cecil Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2013 Nature protocols Vol.8 No.6
The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay was originally developed to enumerate antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), and has subsequently been adapted for various applications, including the detection cytokine-secreting cells. Owing to its exceptionally high sensitivity, the ELISPOT has proven to be especially useful for detecting discrete populations of active cells (e.g., antigen-specific cells). Because of its versatility, the ELISPOT assay is used for a wide range of applications, including clonal analyses of immune responses after vaccination or after immunotherapy. Here we describe standard protocols for the detection of human ASCs specific to virtually any vaccine antigen after enrichment of circulating plasmablasts. In addition, a protocol is described for the measurement of mucosal ASC responses after prior immunomagnetic enrichment of mucosally derived blood lymphocytes. The protocols described allow rapid (∼6–8 h) detection of specific ASCs in small (1–2 ml) samples of blood and can be performed in resource-poor settings.
Immunohistochemical Characterization of the Human Sublingual Mucosa
Youngnim Choi,Sung Doo Hong,Jongho Lee,Nicolas Cuburu,Giulietta Saletti,Cecil Czerkinsky KOREAN ACADAMY OF ORAL BIOLOGY 2009 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.34 No.3
The sublingual locus has recently received great attention as a delivery site for various immunotherapies, including those that induce allergen-specific tolerance, and for vaccines that generate protective immunity. To further understand the immune functions of the human sublingual mucosa, we characterized the distribution of various immunocytes therein by immunohistochemistry. We identified professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), including Langerhans cells (LCs) and macrophages. CD1a+ and langerin+ LCs were further found to be distributed in the basal and supra-basal layers of the epithelium, and macrophages were identified in the lamina propria. HLA-DR+ cells were observed in both the epithelium and the lamina propria, which mirrors the tissue distribution of LCs and macrophages within these tissues. CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells were found to be distributed along the basal layer of the epithelium and also in the lamina propria. Although B cells, plasma cells, and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were only occasionally observed in the human sublingual mucosa in the absence of inflammation, they did show enrichment at inflammatory sites. Hence, we have further elucidated the immune cell component distribution in human sublingual mucosa.
Choi, Jong Su,Kim, Ryang Yeo,Rho, Semi,Ewann, Fanny,Mielcarek, Nathalie,Song, Man Ki,Czerkinsky, Cecil,Kim, Jae-Ouk Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2012 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.3 No.2
<P><B>Objectives</B></P><P>Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination has proven to be efficient in immunologically naïve infants; however, it has not been investigated that maternal natural exposure to <I>Mycobacterium</I> and/or BCG vaccine could influence the characteristics of immune responses to BCG in newborns. In this study, we analyzed whether the maternal immune status to <I>M tuberculosis </I>(<I>M tb</I>) can affect neonatal immunity to BCG using a mouse model.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Neonates were obtained from mice that were previously exposed to live BCG, to live <I>M avium</I>, or to heat-killed <I>M tb</I> H37Rv, and from naïve control mothers. One week after birth, the neonates were divided into two subgroups: one group immunized with live BCG via the subcutaneous route and the other group of neonates sham-treated. Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) secretion in response to <I>in vitro </I>stimulation with heat-killed BCG or purified protein derivative (PPD) was examined. Protection against <I>M tb</I> infection was evaluated by challenging mice nasally with live <I>M tb</I> H37Rv followed by counting colonies from spleen and lung homogenates.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>BCG-immunized neonates showed increased IFNγ secretion in response to heat-killed BCG or PPD. All mice in BCG-immunized neonates subgroups showed reduced bacterial burden (colony forming unit) in the lungs when compared with control naive neonate mice. However, no statistically significant difference was observed when comparing BCG-immunized mice born from mothers previously exposed to <I>M avium</I> or immunized with either heat-killed H37Rv or live BCG and mice born from naïve mothers.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>The maternal immune status to <I>M tb</I> does not appear to impact on the immunogenicity of BCG vaccine in their progeny in our experimental conditions</P>
Sinha, Anuradha,Dey, Ayan,Saletti, Giulietta,Samanta, Pradip,Chakraborty, Partha Sarathi,Bhattacharya, M. K.,Ghosh, Santanu,Ramamurthy, T.,Kim, Jae-Ouk,Yang, Jae Seung,Kim, Dong Wook,Czerkinsky, Cecil American Society for Microbiology 2016 CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY Vol.23 No.7
<P>Developing countries are burdened with Shigella diarrhea. Understanding mucosal immune responses associated with natural Shigella infection is important to identify potential correlates of protection and, as such, to design effective vaccines. We performed a comparative analysis of circulating mucosal plasmablasts producing specific antibodies against highly conserved invasive plasmid antigens (IpaC, IpaD20, and IpaD120) and two recently identified surface protein antigens, pan-Shigella surface protein antigen 1 (PSSP1) and PSSP2, common to all virulent Shigella strains. We examined blood and stool specimens from 37 diarrheal patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases & Beliaghata General Hospital, Kolkata, India. The etiological agent of diarrhea was investigated in stool specimens by microbiological methods and real-time PCR. Gut-homing (alpha(4)beta(+)(7)) antibody secreting cells (ASCs) were isolated from patient blood by means of combined magnetic cell sorting and two-color enzymelinked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay. Overall, 57% (21 of 37) and 65% (24 of 37) of the patients were positive for Shigella infection by microbiological and real-time PCR assays, respectively. The frequency of alpha(4)beta(+)(7) IgG ASC responders against Ipas was higher than that observed against PSSP1 or PSSP2, regardless of the Shigella serotype isolated from these patients. Thus, alpha(4)beta(+)(7) ASC responses to Ipas may be considered an indirect marker of Shigella infection. The apparent weakness of ASC responses to PSSP1 is consistent with the lack of cross-protection induced by natural Shigella infection. The finding that ASC responses to IpaD develop in patients with recent-onset shigellosis indicates that such responses may not be protective or may wane too rapidly and/or be of insufficient magnitude.</P>
Kim, Jae-Ouk,Rho, Semi,Kim, Su Hee,Kim, Heejoo,Song, Hyo Jin,Kim, Eun Jin,Kim, Ryang Yeo,Kim, Eun Hye,Sinha, Anuradha,Dey, Ayan,Yang, Jae Seung,Song, Man Ki,Nandy, Ranjan Kumar,Czerkinsky, Cecil,Kim, American Society for Microbiology 2015 CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY Vol.22 No.4
<P>In developing countries, <I>Shigella</I> is a primary cause of diarrhea in infants and young children. Although antibiotic therapy is an effective treatment for shigellosis, therapeutic options are narrowing due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Thus, preventive vaccination could become the most efficacious approach for controlling shigellosis. We have identified several conserved protein antigens that are shared by multiple <I>Shigella</I> serotypes and species. Among these, one antigen induced cross-protection against experimental shigellosis, and we have named it pan-<I>Shigella</I> surface protein 1 (PSSP-1). PSSP-1-induced protection requires a mucosal administration route and coadministration of an adjuvant. When PSSP-1 was administered intranasally, it induced cross-protection against <I>Shigella flexneri</I> serotypes 2a, 5a, and 6, <I>Shigella boydii</I>, <I>Shigella sonnei</I>, and <I>Shigella dysenteriae</I> serotype 1. Intradermally administered PSSP-1 induced strong serum antibody responses but failed to induce protection in the mouse lung pneumonia model. In contrast, intranasal administration elicited efficient local and systemic antibody responses and production of interleukin 17A and gamma interferon. Interestingly, blood samples from patients with recent-onset shigellosis showed variable but significant mucosal antibody responses to other conserved <I>Shigella</I> protein antigens but not to PSSP-1. We suggest that PSSP-1 is a promising antigen for a broadly protective vaccine against <I>Shigella</I>.</P>