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European Enlargement and Single Market Accession: A Mistreated Issue
( G. Philippidis ),( A. Carrington ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2005 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.20 No.3
From 2004, enlargement of the European Union is expected to bring substantial net economic benefits. Herein lies a weakness, in that practically all empirical studies characterise ‘single market’ accession using simple ad hoc uniform percentage reductions in trade costs. Employing a modified gravity specification we estimate these costs and derive non-tariff barrier (NTB) equivalents, whilst associated regional impacts are calculated within a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework. Our results suggest that spatial effects in gravity estimations have a dampening impact on NTBs for eleven of our sixteen sectors, which is reflected at the regional level.
Lee, Hanna,Yoo, Seong Jeon,Lee, Jeong Hwan,Kim, Wanhui,Yoo, Seung Kwan,Fitzgerald, Heather,Carrington, James C.,Ahn, Ji Hoon Oxford University Press 2010 Nucleic acids research Vol.38 No.9
<P>Flowering is the primary trait affected by ambient temperature changes. Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs playing an important regulatory role in plant development. In this study, to elucidate the mechanism of flowering-time regulation by small RNAs, we identified six ambient temperature-responsive miRNAs (miR156, miR163, miR169, miR172, miR398 and miR399) in <I>Arabidopsis</I> via miRNA microarray and northern hybridization analyses. We also determined the expression profile of 120 unique miRNA loci in response to ambient temperature changes by miRNA northern hybridization analysis. The expression of the ambient temperature-responsive miRNAs and their target genes was largely anticorrelated at two different temperatures (16 and 23°C). Interestingly, a lesion in <I>short vegetative phase</I> (<I>SVP</I>), a key regulator within the thermosensory pathway, caused alteration in the expression of miR172 and a subset of its target genes, providing a link between a thermosensory pathway gene and miR172. The miR172-overexpressing plants showed a temperature-independent early flowering phenotype, suggesting that modulation of miR172 expression leads to temperature insensitivity. Taken together, our results suggest a genetic framework for flowering-time regulation by ambient temperature-responsive miRNAs under non-stress temperature conditions.</P>