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Simulation of the hybrid and steady state advanced operating modes in ITER
Kessel, C.E.,Giruzzi, G.,Sips, A.C.C.,Budny, R.V.,Artaud, J.F.,Basiuk, V.,Imbeaux, F.,Joffrin, E.,Schneider, M.,Murakami, M.,Luce, T.,St John, Holger,Oikawa, T.,Hayashi, N.,Takizuka, T.,Ozeki, T.,Na, International Atomic Energy Agency 2007 Nuclear fusion Vol.47 No.9
<P>Integrated simulations are performed to establish a physics basis, in conjunction with present tokamak experiments, for the operating modes in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). Simulations of the hybrid mode are done using both fixed and free-boundary 1.5D transport evolution codes including CRONOS, ONETWO, TSC/TRANSP, TOPICS and ASTRA. The hybrid operating mode is simulated using the GLF23 and CDBM05 energy transport models. The injected powers are limited to the negative ion neutral beam, ion cyclotron and electron cyclotron heating systems. Several plasma parameters and source parameters are specified for the hybrid cases to provide a comparison of 1.5D core transport modelling assumptions, source physics modelling assumptions, as well as numerous peripheral physics modelling. Initial results indicate that very strict guidelines will need to be imposed on the application of GLF23, for example, to make useful comparisons. Some of the variations among the simulations are due to source models which vary widely among the codes used. In addition, there are a number of peripheral physics models that should be examined, some of which include fusion power production, bootstrap current, treatment of fast particles and treatment of impurities. The hybrid simulations project to fusion gains of 5.6–8.3, β<SUB>N</SUB> values of 2.1–2.6 and fusion powers ranging from 350 to 500 MW, under the assumptions outlined in section 3. Simulations of the steady state operating mode are done with the same 1.5D transport evolution codes cited above, except the ASTRA code. In these cases the energy transport model is more difficult to prescribe, so that energy confinement models will range from theory based to empirically based. The injected powers include the same sources as used for the hybrid with the possible addition of lower hybrid. The simulations of the steady state mode project to fusion gains of 3.5–7, β<SUB>N</SUB> values of 2.3–3.0 and fusion powers of 290 to 415 MW, under the assumptions described in section 4. These simulations will be presented and compared with particular focus on the resulting temperature profiles, source profiles and peripheral physics profiles. The steady state simulations are at an early stage and are focused on developing a range of safety factor profiles with 100% non-inductive current.</P>
Study of ion-gyroscale fluctuations in low-density L-mode plasmas heated by NBI on KSTAR
Lee, W.,Ko, S.H.,Leem, J.,Yun, G.S.,Park, H.K.,Wang, W.X.,Budny, R.V.,Kim, K.W.,Luhmann Jr, N.C. International Atomic Energy Agency 2018 Nuclear fusion Vol.58 No.4
<P>Broadband density fluctuations with peak frequency ranging from 150 to 400 kHz were measured using a multichannel microwave imaging reflectometer in core region of the low-density L-mode plasmas heated by neutral beam injection on KSTAR. These fluctuations have been studied by comparing the dominant mode scales estimated from the measurement with those predicted from linear gyrokinetic simulation. The measured poloidal wavenumbers are qualitatively comparable to those of the ‘fastest growing modes’ from simulations, whereas they are larger than those of the ‘transport-dominant modes’ by about a factor of three. The agreement on wavenumbers between the measurement and linear simulation (for the fastest growing modes) is probably due to sufficiently weak <img ALIGN='MIDDLE' ALT='$E \times B$ ' SRC='http://ej.iop.org/images/0029-5515/58/4/046009/nfaaac4bieqn001.gif'/> flow shear compared to the maximum linear growth rate. Meanwhile, the transport-dominant modes seem to be related to the fluctuations in lower frequencies (∼80–150 kHz) observed in some of the measurement.</P>
Andiara E. Freitas,Morgana Moretti,Josiane Budni,,Grasiela O. Balen,Sinara C. Fernandes,Patricia O. Veronezi,Melina Heller,Gustavo A. Micke,Moacir G. Pizzolatti,Ana Lu´cia S. Rodrigues 한국식품영양과학회 2013 Journal of medicinal food Vol.16 No.11
Bark infusion of Tabebuia avellanedae Lorentz ex Griseb is consumed in tropical America folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases, including depressive disorders. It was recently demonstrated that the extract from this plant has antidepressant properties. The present study was aimed at investigating the contribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the L-arginine–nitric oxide (NO)–cyclic guanosine 3050-monophosphate (cGMP) pathway to the antidepressantlike action of the ethanolic extract from T. avellanedae (EET) in the tail suspension test (TST). The anti-immobility effect of the extract (30 mg/kg, orally [p.o.]) was prevented by pretreatment of mice with NMDA (0.1 pmol/site, intracerebroventicular [i.c.v.]), L-arginine (750 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]), and sildenafil (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Additionally, the combination of MK-801 (0.01 mg/kg, p.o.), 7-nitroindazole (25 mg/kg, i.p.), and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) (30 pmol/site, i.c.v.) with a subeffective dose of EET (1 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a synergistic antidepressant-like effect in the TST, without causing significant alterations in the locomotor activity. Moreover, the administration of an effective dose of EET (30 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a reduction in NOx levels in the cerebral cortex. Conversely, a subeffective dose of EET (1 mg/kg, p.o.) caused no changes in the cortical NOx levels. Results suggest that the antidepressant-like effect of EET in the TST is dependent on a blockade of NMDA receptor activation and inhibition of NO-cGMP synthesis, significantly extending literature data about the antidepressant-like action of this plant and reinforcing the notion that this plant may be useful in the management of depressive disorders.