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Sources of Carbonaceous Materials in the Airborne Particulate Matter of Dhaka
Begum, Bilkis A.,Hossain, Anwar,Saroar, Golam,Biswas, Swapan K.,Nasiruddin, Md.,Nahar, Nurun,Chowdury, Zohir,Hopke, Philip K. Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4
To explore the sources of carbonaceous material in the airborne particulate matter (PM), comprehensive PM sampling was performed (3 to 14 January 2010) at a traffic hot spot site (HS), Farm Gate, Dhaka using several samplers: AirMetrics MiniVol (for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$) and MOUDI (for size fractionated submicron PM). Long-term PM data (April 2000 to March 2006 and April 2000 to March 2010 in two size fractions ($PM_{2.2}$ and $PM_{2.2-10}$) obtained from two air quality-monitoring stations, one at Farm Gate (HS) and another at a semi-residential (SR) area (Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka Campus, (AECD)), respectively were also analyzed. The long-term PM trend shows that fine particulate matter concentrations have decreased over time as a result of government policy interventions even with increasing vehicles on the road. The ratio of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ showed that the average $PM_{2.5}$ mass was about 78% of the $PM_{10}$ mass. It was also found that about 63% of $PM_{2.5}$ mass is $PM_1$. The total contribution of BC to $PM_{2.5}$ is about 16% and showed a decreasing trend over the years. It was observed that $PM_1$ fractions contained the major amount of carbonaceous materials, which mainly originated from high temperature combustion process in the $PM_{2.5}$. From the IMPROVE TOR protocol carbon fraction analysis, it was observed that emissions from gasoline vehicles contributed to $PM_1$ given the high abundance of EC1 and OC2 and the contribution of diesel to $PM_1$ is minimal as indicated by the low abundance of OC1 and EC2. Source apportionment results also show that vehicular exhaust is the largest contributors to PM in Dhaka. There is also transported $PM_{2.2}$from regional sources. With the increasing economic activities and recent GDP growth, the number of vehicles and brick kilns has significantly increased in and around Dhaka. Further action will be required to further reduce PM-related air pollution in Dhaka.
Sources of Carbonaceous Materials in the Airborne Particulate Matter of Dhaka
Bilkis A. Begum,Philip K. Hopke,Anwar Hossain,Golam Saroar,Swapan K. Biswas,Md. Nasiruddin,Nurun Nahar,Zohir Chowdury 한국대기환경학회 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4
To explore the sources of carbonaceous material in the airborne particulate matter (PM), comprehensive PM sampling was performed (3 to 14 January 2010)at a traffic hot spot site (HS), Farm Gate, Dhaka using several samplers: AirMetrics MiniVol (for PM_10and PM_2.5) and MOUDI (for size fractionated submicron PM). Long-term PM data (April 2000 to March 2006 and April 2000 to March 2010 in two size fractions (PM2.2 and PM_2.2-10) obtained from two air quality-monitoring stations, one at Farm Gate (HS) and another at a semi-residential (SR) area (Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka Campus, (AECD)), respectively were also analyzed. The long-term PM trend shows that fine particulate matter concentrations have decreased over time as a result of government policy interventions even with increasing vehicles on the road. The ratio of PM_2.5/PM_10 showed that the average PM_2.5 mass was about 78% of the PM10 mass. It was also found that about 63% of PM_2.5 mass is PM_1. The total contribution of BC to PM_2.5 is about 16%and showed a decreasing trend over the years. It was observed that PM_1 fractions contained the major amount of carbonaceous materials, which mainly originated from high temperature combustion process in the PM_2.5. From the IMPROVE TOR protocol carbon fraction analysis, it was observed that emissions from gasoline vehicles contributed to PM_1 given the high abundance of EC1 and OC2 and the contribution of diesel to PM_1 is minimal as indicated by the low abundance of OC1 and EC2. Source apportionment results also show that vehicular exhaust is the largest contributors to PM in Dhaka. There is also transported PM_2.2 from regional sources. With the increasing economic activities and recent GDP growth,the number of vehicles and brick kilns has significantly increased in and around Dhaka. Further action will be required to further reduce PM-related air pollution in Dhaka.
Exploring the Variation between EC and BC in a Variety of Locations
Salako, Gbenga Oladoyin,Hopke, Philip K.,Cohen, David D.,Begum, Bilkis A.,Biswas, Swapan K.,Pandit, Gauri Girish,Lodoysamba, Sereeter,Wimolwattanapun, Wanna,Bunprapob, Supamatthree,Chung, Yong-Sam,Rah Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research 2012 Aerosol and air quality research Vol.12 No.1