On the relationship between telecommunications investment and economic growth in the United States

Beil, Richard O,Ford, George S,Jackson, John D 한국국제경제학회 2005 International Economic Journal Vol.19 No.1

International Trade as Determined by Income and Income Distribution

Beiling Yan 한국국제경제학회 2007 International Economic Journal Vol.21 No.4

In standard trade theory, consumption is normally assumed to be homothetic. Consequently, income and its distribution have no role in determining international trade patterns. This paper examines the assumption and its implications. The assumption of homothetic preferences is rejected at the 1% level. It further demonstrates that the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) model modified by allowing for non-homothetic taste improves the performance of HOV prediction and explains some of the trade puzzles and paradoxes,.

NUWARD SMR safety approach and licensing objectives for international deployment

Francis D.,Beils S. 한국원자력학회 2024 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.56 No.3

Drawing on the deep experience and understanding of the principles of nuclear safety, as well as many years of nuclear power plant design and operation, the EDF led NUWARD SMR Project is developing a design for a Small Modular Reactor (SMR) of 340 MWe composed of two 170 MWe independent units, that will supplement the offering of high-output nuclear reactors, especially in response to specific needs such as replacement of fossilfuelled power plants. NUWARD SMR is a mix of proven and innovative design features that will make it more commercially competitive, while integrating safety features that comply with the highest international standards. Following the principles of redundancy and diversity and rigorous application of Defence in Depth (DID), with an international view on nuclear safety licensing, the Project also incorporates new safety approaches into its design development. The NUWARD SMR Project has been in development for a number of years, it entered conceptual design formally in mid-2019 and entered Basic Design in 2023. The objective of the concept design phase was to confirm the project technological choices and to define the first design configuration of the NUWARD SMR product, to document it, in order to launch pre-licensing with the French Safety Authority (ASN) and to define its estimated cost and its subsequent development and construction schedules. As a delivery milestone the Safety Options file (called the Dossier d’Options de Sûret´e (DOS)) has been submitted to ASN in July 2023 for their opinion. An integral part of the NUWARD SMR Project, is not only to deliver a design suitable for France and to satisfy French regulation, but to develop a product suitable and indeed desirable, for the international market, with a first focus in Europe. In order to achieve its objectives and realise its market potential, the NUWARD SMR Project needs to define and realise its safety approach within an international environment and that is the key subject of this paper. The following paper: • Summarises the foundation principles and technological background which underpin the design; • Contextualises the key design features with regard to the international safety regulatory framework with particular emphasis on innovative passive safety aspects; • Illustrates the Project activities in preparation for first licensing in France, and also a wider international view via the ASN led Joint Early Review of the NUWARD SMR design, including Finnish and Czech Republic regulators, recently joined by the Swedish, Polish and Dutch regulators; • Articulates the collaborative approach to design development from involvement with the Project partners (the Commissariat `a l’´energie atomique et aux ´energies alternatives (CEA), Naval Group, TechnicAtome, Framatome and Tractebel) to the establishment of the International NUWARD Advisory Board (INAB), to gain greater international insight and advice; • Concludes with the focus on next steps into detailed design development, standardisation of the design and its simplification to enhance its commercial competitiveness in a context of further harmonisation of the nuclear safety and licensing requirements and aspirations.

Designing organisms with new metabolic properties

Pieper, D.H.,Lehning, A.,Beil, S.,Blasco, R.,Mallavarapu, M.,Hofer, B.,Seeger, M.,Jakobs, B.,Erb, R.,Wittich, R.-M.,Happe, B.,Timmis, K.N. 숙명여자대학교 환경과학연구센터 1996 환경과학논문집 Vol.4 No.-

During the past decades enormous quantities of industrial chemicals have been released into the envionment. Although most of these compounds are readily biodegraded, some-mainly those having novel structural elements or substituents not or rarely found in natrue (xenobiotics)-are only catabolized slowly and thus tend to persist in the environment, Chloroaromatic compounds represent particularly hazardous pollutants. They are and have been used as pesticides, solvents, plasticizers and dielectric fluids, and a number of highly toxic compounds such as chlorinated dioxins have been formed as by-products of industrial processes and during incineration of organic wastes. The existence of many wate storage sites containing toxic chemicals and large scale, though now diminishing, chronic pollution from current industrial practices, necessitate both the termination of production of toxic and persistent industrial chemical, and the more efficient exploitation of remediation technologies, in order to diminish the consequences of existing and ongoing environmental pollution.

A Methodology for the Identification of the Postulated Initiating Events of the Molten Salt Fast Reactor

Delphine G erardin,Anna Chiara Uggenti,Stephane Beils,Andrea Carpignano,Sandra Dulla,Elsa Merle,Daniel Heuer,Axel Laureau,Michel Allibert 한국원자력학회 2019 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.51 No.4

The Molten Salt Fast Reactor (MSFR) with its liquid circulating fuel and its fast neutron spectrum calls fora new safety approach including technological neutral methodologies and analysis tools adapted to earlydesign phases. In the frame of the Horizon2020 program SAMOFAR (Safety Assessment of the Molten SaltFast Reactor) a safety approach suitable for Molten Salt Reactors is being developed and applied to theMSFR. After a description of the MSFR reference design, this paper focuses on the identification of thePostulated Initiating Events (PIEs), which is a core part of the global assessment methodology. To fulfilthis task, the Functional Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FFMEA) and the Master Logic Diagram (MLD)are selected and employed separately in order to be as exhaustive as possible in the identification of theinitiating events of the system. Finally, an extract of the list of PIEs, selected as the most representativeevents resulting from the implementation of both methods, is presented to illustrate the methodologyand some of the outcomes of the methods are compared in order to highlight symbioses and differencesbetween the MLD and the FFMEA.

Screening ethnically diverse human embryonic stem cells identifies a chromosome 20 minimal amplicon conferring growth advantage

Amps, Katherine,Andrews, Peter W,Anyfantis, George,Armstrong, Lyle,Avery, Stuart,Baharvand, Hossein,Baker, Julie,Baker, Duncan,Munoz, Maria B,Beil, Stephen,Benvenisty, Nissim,Ben-Yosef, Dalit,Biancott Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2011 Nature biotechnology Vol.29 No.12

The International Stem Cell Initiative analyzed 125 human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines and 11 induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines, from 38 laboratories worldwide, for genetic changes occurring during culture. Most lines were analyzed at an early and late passage. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed that they included representatives of most major ethnic groups. Most lines remained karyotypically normal, but there was a progressive tendency to acquire changes on prolonged culture, commonly affecting chromosomes 1, 12, 17 and 20. DNA methylation patterns changed haphazardly with no link to time in culture. Structural variants, determined from the SNP arrays, also appeared sporadically. No common variants related to culture were observed on chromosomes 1, 12 and 17, but a minimal amplicon in chromosome 20q11.21, including three genes expressed in human ES cells, ID1, BCL2L1 and HM13, occurred in >20% of the lines. Of these genes, BCL2L1 is a strong candidate for driving culture adaptation of ES cells.