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Technology Selection for Offshore Underwater Small Modular Reactors
Koroush Shirvan,Ronald Ballinger,Jacopo Buongiorno,Charles Forsberg,Mujid Kazimi,Neil Todreas 한국원자력학회 2016 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.48 No.6
This work examines the most viable nuclear technology options for future underwaterdesigns that would meet high safety standards as well as good economic potential, forconstruction in the 2030-2040 timeframe. The top five concepts selected from a survey of 13 nuclear technologies were compared to a small modular pressurized water reactor(PWR) designed with a conventional layout. In order of smallest to largest primary systemsize where the reactor and all safety systems are contained, the top five designs were: (1) aleadebismuth fast reactor based on the Russian SVBR-100; (2) a novel organic cooledreactor; (3) an innovative superheated water reactor; (4) a boiling water reactor based onToshiba's LSBWR; and (5) an integral PWR featuring compact steam generators. A similarstudy on potential attractive power cycles was also performed. A condensing and recompressionsupercritical CO2 cycle and a compact steam Rankine cycle were designed. It wasfound that the hull size required by the reactor, safety systems and power cycle can besignificantly reduced (50-80%) with the top five designs compared to the conventionalPWR. Based on the qualitative economic consideration, the organic cooled reactor andboiling water reactor designs are expected to be the most cost effective options.
Genome-wide association study identifies novel breast cancer susceptibility loci
Easton, Douglas F.,Pooley, Karen A.,Dunning, Alison M.,Pharoah, Paul D. P.,Thompson, Deborah,Ballinger, Dennis G.,Struewing, Jeffery P.,Morrison, Jonathan,Field, Helen,Luben, Robert,Wareham, Nicholas Nature Publishing Group 2007 Nature Vol.447 No.7148
Breast cancer exhibits familial aggregation, consistent with variation in genetic susceptibility to the disease. Known susceptibility genes account for less than 25% of the familial risk of breast cancer, and the residual genetic variance is likely to be due to variants conferring more moderate risks. To identify further susceptibility alleles, we conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study in 4,398 breast cancer cases and 4,316 controls, followed by a third stage in which 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for confirmation in 21,860 cases and 22,578 controls from 22 studies. We used 227,876 SNPs that were estimated to correlate with 77% of known common SNPs in Europeans at r<SUP>2</SUP> > 0.5. SNPs in five novel independent loci exhibited strong and consistent evidence of association with breast cancer (P < 10<SUP>-7</SUP>). Four of these contain plausible causative genes (FGFR2, TNRC9, MAP3K1 and LSP1). At the second stage, 1,792 SNPs were significant at the P < 0.05 level compared with an estimated 1,343 that would be expected by chance, indicating that many additional common susceptibility alleles may be identifiable by this approach.
Nissen, Mark S,Kumar, G N Mohan,Youn, Buhyun,Knowles, D Benjamin,Lam, Ka Sum,Ballinger, W Jordan,Knowles, N Richard,Kang, Chulhee American Society of Plant Physiologists 2009 The Plant cell Vol.21 No.3
<P>Potato (Solanum tuberosum) multicystatin (PMC) is a crystalline Cys protease inhibitor present in the subphellogen layer of potato tubers. It consists of eight tandem domains of similar size and sequence. Our in vitro results showed that the pH/PO(4)(-)-dependent oligomeric behavior of PMC was due to its multidomain nature and was not a characteristic of the individual domains. Using a single domain of PMC, which still maintains inhibitor activity, we identified a target protein of PMC, a putative Cys protease. In addition, our crystal structure of a representative repeating unit of PMC, PMC-2, showed structural similarity to both type I and type II cystatins. The N-terminal trunk, alpha-helix, and L2 region of PMC-2 were most similar to those of type I cystatins, while the conformation of L1 more closely resembled that of type II cystatins. The structure of PMC-2 was most similar to the intensely sweet protein monellin from Dioscorephyllum cumminisii (serendipity berry), despite a low level of sequence similarity. We present a model for the possible molecular organization of the eight inhibitory domains in crystalline PMC. The unique molecular properties of the oligomeric PMC crystal are discussed in relation to its potential function in regulating the activity of proteases in potato tubers.</P>