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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Arthur B. Markman (검색결과 3 건)
- 무료
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- 유료
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Defining Structural Similarity
Dedre Gentner,Arthur B. Markman 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2005 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.6 No.1
There is general agreement that structural similarity-a match in relational structure-is crucial in analogical processing. However, theories differ in their definitions of structural similarity: in particular, in whether there must be conceptual similarity between the relations in the two domains or whether parallel graph structure is sufficient. In two studies, we demonstrate, first, that people draw analogical correspondences based on matches in conceptual relations, rather than on purely structural graph matches; and, second, that people draw analogical inferences between passages that have matching conceptual relations, but not between passages with purely structural graph matches.
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A Feature-Salience Analogue of the Inverse Base-rate Effect
Corey J. Bohil,Arthur B. Markman,W. odd Maddox 대한사고개발학회 2005 The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Vol.15 No.1
Classification learning requires integrating many properties of the items being learned including the base-rate probability that a category will occur as well as the salience of features. Previous research has demonstrated an inverse base-rate effect, in which people classify an item that has features predictive of both a high base-rate and low base-rate category into the rarer category. We suggest that this finding reflects that feature salience plays a greater role in classification than does base-rates. We tested this hypothesis by demonstrating that manipulations of feature salience determine the classification of ambiguous stimuli regardless of the underlying base-rates of the categories.
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Choking and Excelling at the Free Throw Line
Darrell A. Worthy,Arthur B. Markman,W. Todd Maddox 대한사고개발학회 2009 The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Vol.19 No.1
Psychological research suggests that trying to avoid a negative outcome and trying to attain a positive outcome have different effects on performance (Higgins, 1997). We explored this prospect by examining free throw performance among NBA basketball players at the ends of games when the player’s team was ahead or behind in a clutch situation. Players tended to shoot worse than their career average when their team was behind or when their team was ahead by one point. In contrast, players tended to shoot better than their career average when the game was tied. Thus, the point margin affected a player’s likelihood of choking or excelling under pressure. This research provides a novel real-world analysis of the phenomenon of choking under pressure that could guide and motivate future research.
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