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        Pore-scale study of in-situ surfactant flooding with strong oil emulsification in sandstone based on X-ray microtomography

        Yun She,Chunwei Zhang,Mohammad Azis Mahardika,Anindityo Patmonoaji,Yingxue Hu,Shintaro Matsushita,Tetsuya Suekane 한국공업화학회 2021 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.98 No.-

        This study presented a pore-scale investigation on the dynamic displacement of oil subjected to ex-situand in-situ surfactantflooding using X-ray microtomography. The ex-situ surfactant solution was preprepared,whereas the in-situ surfactant was generated directly with the chemical reaction inside porousmedia. The results showed that oil removal from the pore spaces relied on the combination of piston-like,pore-bodyfilling and a weak emulsification mechanism in the ex-situ system, whereas the in-situ systemwas dominated by a strong emulsification process. The threshold capillary pressure was decreasedsignificantly owing to interfacial tension reduction and wettability alteration, which enhanced the oilcluster mobilization. Therefore, the in-situ system produced the highest oil recovery efficiency of 86.9%compared with ex-situ system and waterflooding. The emulsifying ability was evaluated through oilcluster size distributions and their dynamic evolution. The networks or branches disappeared andemulsified into small oil ganglia and singlets, thereby leading to a significant decrease in the averageequivalent diameter. Finally, strong emulsification in the in-situ system was attributed to quick andprecise surfactant aggregation at the oil–water interface that induced blebbing, whereas the ex-situ casewas dominated by slow surfactant transport relying on advection and diffusion in theflow mainstream.

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