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      • Revealing sodium ion storage mechanism in hard carbon

        Alvin, Stevanus,Yoon, Dohyeon,Chandra, Christian,Cahyadi, Handi Setiadi,Park, Jae-Ho,Chang, Wonyoung,Chung, Kyung Yoon,Kim, Jaehoon Elsevier 2019 Carbon Vol.145 No.-

        <P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Although many studies have demonstrated the excellent potential of hard carbon as an anode in sodium ion batteries, the contribution of its active sites to the capacities of the sloping and plateau voltage regions is not yet clear. Herein, systematical investigation of the relationship between the active sites and sodium ion (Na<SUP>+</SUP>) storage in the sloping and plateau voltage regions was presented. In light of the physicochemical properties of the lignin-derived hard carbon (graphitization degree, interlayer spacing, micropore size distribution, and specific surface area), the results of Na<SUP>+</SUP> ion diffusivity, and the change in these properties during Na<SUP>+</SUP> ion insertion/extraction (as characterized by ex situ techniques), new mechanistic insights into Na<SUP>+</SUP> ion storage were proposed. At the beginning of the sodiation process, Na<SUP>+</SUP> ions were adsorbed on defect/edge sites; then partial micropore filling occurred in the sloping region above 0.1 V. In the plateau region below 0.1 V, Na<SUP>+</SUP> ions were intercalated in the graphitic layers, and further adsorption in the micropores occurred near the cutoff potential. Furthermore, sodium clustering occurred below 0.1 V owing to the high concentration of Na<SUP>+</SUP> ions in the micropores.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P> <B>Proposed new sodium ion storage mechanism in hard carbon derived from lignin</B>. At the beginning of the sodiation process, Na<SUP>+</SUP> ions are adsorbed on defect/edge sites; then partial micropore filling occurs in the sloping region above 0.1 V. In the plateau region below 0.1 V, Na<SUP>+</SUP> ions are intercalated in the graphitic layers, and further adsorption in the micropores occurs near the cutoff potential. Furthermore, sodium clustering occurs below 0.1 V owing to the high concentration of Na<SUP>+</SUP> ions in micropores.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

      • Electropolymerized Self-Assembled Layer on Gold Nanoparticles: Detection of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Neuronal Cell Culture

        Koh, Wei Choon Alvin,Chandra, Pranjal,Kim, Dong-Min,Shim, Yoon-Bo American Chemical Society 2011 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - Vol.83 No.16

        <P>Novel nanostructures of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) encapsulated-conductive polymer have been developed to study biosensor probe materials and utilized to detect the concentration of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). A 2,2′:5′,5″-terthiophene-3′-benzoic acid (TTBA) monomer was synthesized and self-assembled on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The size effects of the AuNPs and TTBA monomer film thickness on the electrode conductivity were examined. Anti-iNOS antibody was covalently bound on an encapsulated-AuNPs polymer layer with self-assembled TTBA. The immunocomplex formation between iNOS and anti-iNOS was directly observed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This study looked at the applicability of the self-assembled TTBA layer where the results indicated an efficient electrochemical response toward iNOS. The calibration plot of the current response vs. iNOS concentration exhibited a linear relationship in the range of 0.001–0.02 μg/mL. The calibration sensitivity of iNOS was 59.4 ± 0.3 mV/μg mL<SUP>–1</SUP>. The detection limit of iNOS was determined to be 0.20 ± 0.04 ng/mL based on five time measurements (95% confidence level, <I>k</I> = 3, <I>n</I> = 5). Further results show that AuNP-encapsulated conductive polymers are good nanostructured materials as biosensor probes and have a potential application in cell biosensors.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancham/2011/ancham.2011.83.issue-16/ac2006558/production/images/medium/ac-2011-006558_0004.gif'></P>

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