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Few-Layer Graphene Shells and Nonmagnetic Encapsulates: A Versatile and Nontoxic Carbon Nanomaterial
Bachmatiuk, Alicja,Mendes, Rafael G.,Hirsch, Cordula,Jä,hne, Carsten,Lohe, Martin R.,Grothe, Julia,Kaskel, Stefan,Fu, Lei,Klingeler, Rü,diger,Eckert, Jü,rgen,Wick, Peter,Rü,mme American Chemical Society 2013 ACS NANO Vol.7 No.12
<P>In this work a simple and scalable approach to coat nonmagnetic nanoparticles with few-layer graphene is presented. In addition, the easy processing of such nanoparticles to remove their core, leaving only the 3D graphene nanoshell, is demonstrated. The samples are comprehensively characterized, as are their versatility in terms of functionalization and as a material for electrochemical storage. Indeed, these 3D graphene nanostructures are easily functionalized much as is found with carbon nanotubes and planar graphene. Electrochemical investigations indicate these nanostructures are promising for stable long-life battery applications. Finally, initial toxicological investigations suggest no acute health risk from these 3D graphene nanostructures.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2013/ancac3.2013.7.issue-12/nn4051562/production/images/medium/nn-2013-051562_0010.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn4051562'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Vertical Graphene Growth from Amorphous Carbon Films Using Oxidizing Gases
Bachmatiuk, Alicja,Boeckl, John,Smith, Howard,Ibrahim, Imad,Gemming, Thomas,Oswald, Steffen,Kazmierczak, Wojciech,Makarov, Denys,Schmidt, Oliver G.,Eckert, Juergen,Fu, Lei,Rummeli, Mark H. American Chemical Society 2015 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C - Vol.119 No.31
<P>Amorphous carbon thin films are technologically important materials that range in use from the semiconductor industry to corrosion-resistant films. Their conversion to crystalline graphene layers has long been pursued; however, typically this requires excessively high temperatures. Thus, crystallization routes which require reduced temperatures are important. Moreover, the ability to crystallize amorphous carbon at reduced temperatures without a catalyst could pave the way for practical graphene synthesis for device fabrication without the need for transfer or post-transfer gate deposition. To this end we demonstrate a practical and facile method to crystallize deposited amorphous carbon films to high quality graphene layers at reduced annealing temperatures by introducing oxidizing gases during the process. The reactive gases react with regions of higher strain (energy) in the system and accelerate the graphitization process by minimizing criss-cross-linkages and accelerating C–C bond rearrangement at defects. In other words, the movement of crystallite boundaries is accelerated along the carbon hexagon planes by removing obstacles for crystallite coalescence.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jpccck/2015/jpccck.2015.119.issue-31/acs.jpcc.5b05167/production/images/medium/jp-2015-05167v_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/jp5b05167'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Graphene Coatings for the Mitigation of Electron Stimulated Desorption and Fullerene Cap Formation
Bachmatiuk, Alicja,Dianat, Arezoo,Ortmann, Frank,Quang, Huy Ta,Cichocka, Magdalena Ola,Gonzalez-Martinez, Ignacio,Fu, Lei,Rellinghaus, Bernd,Eckert, Joergen,Cuniberti, Gianaurelio,Rü,mmeli, Mark American Chemical Society 2014 Chemistry of materials Vol.26 No.17
<P>Graphene already has numerous applications in transmission electron microscopy. Here, we extend its application in electron microscopy by demonstrating its potential to stop electron induced desorption in nonconducting samples, where in essence charge build-up leads to surface atom desorption. Graphene films provide a conduction pathway to prevent charge build-up and do not interfere with the imaging process allowing the direct imaging of specimens sensitive to electron induced desorption. We also show that small graphene flakes on the surface of MgO transform to fullerenes or hemispherical fullerenes. The hemispherical fullerenes anchor to the MgO surface and are of particular interest as they suggest it should be possible to nucleate single walled carbon nanotubes on the surface of oxide supports without the need of a catalyst particle.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/cmatex/2014/cmatex.2014.26.issue-17/cm502043x/production/images/medium/cm-2014-02043x_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/cm502043x'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Pang, Jinbo,Bachmatiuk, Alicja,Fu, Lei,Yan, Chenglin,Zeng, Mengqi,Wang, Jiao,Trzebicka, Barbara,Gemming, Thomas,Eckert, Juergen,Rummeli, Mark H. American Chemical Society 2015 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.119 No.23
<P>One of the more common routes to fabricate graphene is by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This is primarily because of its potential to scale up the process and produce large area graphene. For the synthesis of large area monolayer Cu is probably the most popular substrate since it has a low carbon solubility enabling homogeneous single-layer sheets of graphene to form. This process requires a very clean substrate. In this work we look at the efficiency of common pretreatments such as etching or wiping with solvents and compare them to an oxidation treatment at 1025 °C followed by a reducing process by annealing in H<SUB>2</SUB>. The oxidation/reduction process is shown to be far more efficient allowing large area homogeneous single layer graphene formation without the presence of additional graphene flakes which form from organic contamination on the Cu surface.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jpccck/2015/jpccck.2015.119.issue-23/acs.jpcc.5b03911/production/images/medium/jp-2015-03911k_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/jp5b03911'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Size-dependent nanographene oxide as a platform for efficient carboplatin release
Makharza, Sami,Cirillo, Giuseppe,Bachmatiuk, Alicja,Vittorio, Orazio,Mendes, Rafael Gregorio,Oswald, Steffen,Hampel, Silke,Rü,mmeli, Mark H. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 Journal of Materials Chemistry B Vol.1 No.44
Free-Standing Single-Atom-Thick Iron Membranes Suspended in Graphene Pores
Zhao, Jiong,Deng, Qingming,Bachmatiuk, Alicja,Sandeep, Gorantla,Popov, Alexey,Eckert, Jü,rgen,Rü,mmeli, Mark H. American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2014 Science Vol.343 No.6176
<P><B>Iron in Graphene</B></P><P>Carbon or other covalently bonded materials, like boron nitride, can form two-dimensional sheets because of the strong bonding between the atoms. In contrast, metals share electrons in a three-dimensional delocalized way, and this could preclude the formation of thin stable sheets. Nevertheless, <B>Zhao <I>et al.</I></B> (p. 1228) observed pure iron membranes suspended across the pores in a graphene sheet. This phenomenon was discovered when an iron chloride solution, used to process the graphene, decomposed to form pure iron films across the pores.</P>
<i>In Situ</i> Observations of Free-Standing Graphene-like Mono- and Bilayer ZnO Membranes
Quang, Huy T.,Bachmatiuk, Alicja,Dianat, Arezoo,Ortmann, Frank,Zhao, Jiong,Warner, Jamie H.,Eckert, Jü,rgen,Cunniberti, Gianaurelio,Rü,mmeli, Mark H. American Chemical Society 2015 ACS NANO Vol.9 No.11
A size dependent evaluation of the cytotoxicity and uptake of nanographene oxide
Mendes, Rafael Gregorio,Koch, Britta,Bachmatiuk, Alicja,Ma, Xing,Sanchez, Samuel,Damm, Christine,Schmidt, Oliver G.,Gemming, Thomas,Eckert, Jü,rgen,Rü,mmeli, Mark H. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Journal of Materials Chemistry B Vol.3 No.12
<P>Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted great interest due to its extraordinary potential for biomedical application. Although it is clear that the naturally occurring morphology of biological structures is crucial to their precise interactions and correct functioning, the geometrical aspects of nanoparticles are often ignored in the design of nanoparticles for biological applications. A few <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> studies have evaluated the cytotoxicity and biodistribution of GO, however very little is known about the influence of flake size and cytotoxicity. Herein, we aim at presenting an initial cytotoxicity evaluation of different nano-sized GO flakes for two different cell lines (HeLa (Kyoto) and macrophage (J7742)) when they are exposed to samples containing different sized nanographene oxide (NGO) flakes (mean diameter of 89 and 277 nm). The obtained data suggests that the larger NGO flakes reduce cell viability as compared to smaller flakes. In addition, the viability reduction correlates with the time and the concentration of the NGO nanoparticles to which the cells are exposed. Uptake studies were also conducted and the data suggests that both cell lines internalize the GO nanoparticles during the incubation periods studied.</P>