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Nedelcu, Mihaela,Saifullah, Mohammad S. M.,Hasko, David G.,Jang, Arang,Anderson, David,Huck, Wilhelm T. S.,Jones, Geraint A. C.,Welland, Mark E.,Kang, Dae Joon,Steiner, Ullrich WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 Advanced Functional Materials Vol.20 No.14
<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>This computer rendered graphic displays direct writing of sub-10 nm metallic wires of low line-width roughness using an electron beam (shown as a sinusoidal wave), as presented by M. S. M. Saifullah, D. J. Kang, U. Steiner, et al. on page 2317. Sub-10 nm metallic wires of good integrity and low line-width roughness were obtained by reducing electron-beam patterned metal naphthenate lines in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere at 500°C for 1 h. <img src='wiley_img_2010/1616301X-2010-20-14-ADFM201090059-content.gif' alt='wiley_img_2010/1616301X-2010-20-14-ADFM201090059-content'> </P>
Phytoplankton in tropical mangrove estuaries: role and interdependency
A.S.M. Saifullah,Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal,Mohd Hanafi Idris,Amy Halimah Rajaee,Md. Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan 한국산림과학회 2016 Forest Science And Technology Vol.12 No.2
Mangrove estuaries are claimed to be productive and important breeding grounds for fishery resources. The role of particulate organic matter (POM), especially derived from decomposed litter detritus, is well documented in mangrove estuaries. However, being a primary producer, phytoplankton may play a significant role, which has not been well discussed, in governing the productivity of mangrove estuaries. Based on relevant published literature, this paper focuses on the role of phytoplankton in mangrove estuaries in the tropical coastal region and their interdependency. Analysis reveals that there are two-way interactions between phytoplankton and mangrove estuaries. The POM enriched water in mangrove estuaries acts as an ideal medium for phytoplankton succession. Simultaneously, diversified phytoplankton assemblages play a significant role in the food web of the estuarine mangrove ecosystem. Biomass and diversity of phytoplankton are influenced by nutrient and environmental parameters in mangrove estuaries and, concurrently, phytoplankton play a significant role in fish diversity and primary production in the same system. This review reveals that the inconsistent relationships between mangroves and coastal production could probably be due to the influence of seasonal changes. This paper unveils the latent potential and role of phytoplankton in tropical mangrove estuaries, which could be a source of thought for future research in this arena.
Saifullah, M.,Ahn, S.,Gwak, J.,Ahn, S.,Kim, K.,Cho, J.,Park, J.,Eo, Y.,Cho, A.,Yoo, J. S. Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Journal of materials chemistry. A, Materials for e Vol.4 No.27
<P>Different from conventional photovoltaics, building-integrated photovoltaics needs not only high performance but also a high degree of transparency. Nevertheless, the Cu(In, Ga)Se-2 (CIGS) solar cell has advantages in terms of the highest conversion efficiency and stability among all thin-film-based solar cells. The semitransparent (ST) CIGS solar cell using an ultrathin CIGS absorber on a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) experiences loss in fill factor and open circuit voltage due to the poor grain morphology and CIGS/TCO interface. Thus, these issues must be addressed to realize ST CIGS solar cells. Wide-bandgap (1.5 eV) submicron CIGS-based solar cells were prepared in this study unlike conventional CIGS with a bandgap of 1.2 eV, in order to enhance see-throughness. But such cells demonstrated low conversion efficiency due to the poor grain morphology and absence of back grading. Therefore, for the sake of improving grain morphology and to create back grading, a sulfurized-AgGa (AGS) layer was deposited between CIGS and the indium tin oxide (ITO) back contact. Ag from the AGS layer diffused throughout the absorber and thus ameliorated the grain morphology. However, Ga and S in the AGS layer remained confined near the back contact, therefore resulting in the creation of back grading. Consequently, a solar cell based on 230 nm thick CIGS modified with a 45 nm thick AGS layer exhibited efficiency of 5.94% with averaged visible transmittance over 25%. This is the highest reported efficiency for a ST CIGS solar cell with over 20% visible transparency. The CIGS solar cell based on this novel approach can be a competent candidate for building-integrated semitransparent photovoltaics applications.</P>
Nedelcu, Mihaela,Saifullah, Mohammad S. M.,Hasko, David G.,Jang, Arang,Anderson, David,Huck, Wilhelm T. S.,Jones, Geraint A. C.,Welland, Mark E.,Kang, Dae Joon,Steiner, Ullrich WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 Advanced Functional Materials Vol.20 No.14
<P>The fabrication of very narrow metal lines by the lift-off technique, especially below sub-10 nm, is challenging due to thinner resist requirements in order to achieve the lithographic resolution. At such small length scales, when the grain size becomes comparable with the line-width, the built-in stress in the metal film can cause a break to occur at a grain boundary. Moreover, the line-width roughness (LWR) from the patterned resist can result in deposited metal lines with a very high LWR, leading to an adverse change in device characteristics. Here a new approach that is not based on the lift-off technique but rather on low temperature hydrogen reduction of electron-beam patterned metal naphthenates is demonstrated. This not only enables the fabrication of sub-10 nm metal lines of good integrity, but also of low LWR, below the limit of 3.2 nm discussed in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Using this method, sub-10 nm nickel wires are obtained by reducing patterned nickel naphthenate lines in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere at 500 °C for 1 h. The LWR (i.e., 3 σ<SUB>LWR</SUB>) of these nickel nanolines was found to be 2.9 nm. The technique is general and is likely to be suitable for fabrication of nanostructures of most commonly used metals (and their alloys), such as iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, tungsten, molybdenum, and so on, from their respective metal–organic compounds.</P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Sub-10 nm nickel wires of good integrity are obtained by reducing electron-beam-patterned nickel naphthenate lines in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere at 500 °C for 1 h. The line-width roughness (i.e., 3 σ<SUB>LWR</SUB>) of these nickel nanolines is found to be 2.9 nm, which is below the limit of 3.2 nm discussed in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. <img src='wiley_img_2010/1616301X-2010-20-14-ADFM201000219-content.gif' alt='wiley_img_2010/1616301X-2010-20-14-ADFM201000219-content'> </P>