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주호림 연세대학교 대학원 1985 원우론집 Vol.13 No.1
This paper is intended to classify and summarize controversies since 1955 around the germination of the Chinese Capitalism (G.C.C). Many Chinese Socio-economists agree to the fact that there existed the G.C.C. before the Opium War and the fact that the chinese society after the War could be considered as a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. But they have different opinions in detailed aspect about the time when the G.C.C appeared or the degree of its develoment. (The) Controversies included in this paper are as for lows. - The first controversy is whether the capitalist germination and capitalist elements are equivalent concepts or not. Generally. two concepts are understood equivalent. - The second one is about the time when the C.C.C appeared for the first time. In spite of the opinion that posits the age of Tang or that of Song, it is generally accepted that the G.C.C appeared between the late age of Ming and the early age of ching. - The third is on the degree of the G.C.C's development. Some insist that the primitive accumulation of capital was achieved before the Opium War, but on the other hand, other opinion insists that that was after it. - Through the Contents of Controversies summarised above, two facts can be found that the germinal ion in the Chinese society was slow in development, and that germinative elements were too weak. Their reasons can the auther think as follows. - First, the patriarchal agricultural economy in the China hindered commercial capitals or domestic local market from developing, and the firmness of the chinese natural economy prevented the full development of the capitalist economic relationship. - Second, the feudal tax on land, which resulted from the feudal despotism, a superstructure of the chinese feudal Society, eroded profits and the collusion of commercial capitalists with feudal lendowners devastated the development of the G.C.C.
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中國 資本原始蓄積에 관한 小考 : A Study on the Primitive Accumulation of Capital in China
주호림 연세대학교 대학원 1986 원우론집 Vol.14 No.1
ABSTRACT The Chinese feudal society had existed far about three thousand years, and was attacked by foreign capitalism. When (it was) proceeding to the primitive accumulation of capital, it was not, however, completely destroyed, but transformed into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. This paper is intended to analyze the process of the primitive accumulation of capital in China which was done under the invasion of foreign capitalism, which could be dichotomized into the first stage (1840-1894) and the second (1895-1922). Above analyses lead to the following conclusions. First, Before the Opium war, the Chinese feudal society had included the germination of capitalism in it through the development of commodity economy. But this does not mean that it accomplished the primitive accumulation of capital. Second, When the primitive accumulation of capital and the capitalistic mode of production began, most manufacture could not be transformed into the capitalistic factory system because of the attack of imported foreign commodity and the oppression of feudal powers. In other words, Chinese manufacture could not play the role of the primitive accumulation of capital in China. Third, Since foreign imperialism invaded China, without destroying feudalism, it severely exploitated Chinese peasants and simple commodity producers with the help of landlords, merchants, and usurymen, therefore produced a large number of proletarians who lost means of production. Fourth, Imperialist enterprises in China, which had been formed through the exploitation of Chinese pesants and simple commodity producers, had powerful positions in the semi-colonial and semi-feudal China. Their capital was accumulated through the exploitation and consequently simulated the primitive accumulation of capital. Fifth, The national capitalism of China appeared and developed under the oppression of imperialism and feudal powers. Therefore national capitalism was subjected to the oppression and restriction of these two, and inseparately related of them. Sixth, Bourgeoisie and proletariat were formed in the process of the primitive accumulation of capital. The predecessor of bourgeoisis was bureaucrats, landlords, and merchants, but on the contrary that of proletariat was pesants and simple commodity producers. Like any other Capitalism, the Chinese primitive accumulation of capital was accomplished by making use of violent exploitation. Especially since the invasion of foreign capitalism, the use of violence was even more cruel because Chinese capitalism came into existence under the more cruel because Chinese capitalism came into existence under the double oppression of internal feudalism and external imperialism.
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