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김선혁(Kim Sunhyuk),김병국(Kim Byung-Kook),제고르즈 에키트(Grzegorz Ekiert) 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소 2007 亞細亞硏究 Vol.50 No.3
This paper examines the patterns and characteristics of the "politics of protest" by civil society in South Korea after its democratic transition in 1987. The paper first provides a theoretical overview of the relationship between democracy/democratization and social protest as is discussed in the existing literature. Protest is considered to be conducive to daily political practices in established democracies, by supplementing conventional party politics. Protest is also assumed to contribute to democratic transition by promoting authoritarian breakdown and facilitating democratic reforms. However, the role of protest in nascent democracies undergoing democratic consolidation still remains unclear in the literature. Utilizing a recently compiled dataset called Protest Event Database Archive Korea (PEDAK), this paper tries to explore the relationship between social protest and democratic consolidation. Specifically, this paper analyzes the 1989-2003 period in terms of the number of protests, the number of protest participants, the socio-vocational categories of the participants, the type of organizing/sponsoring organizations, and the chosen protest methods/strategies. The number of social protests in South Korea after democratization has not decreased significantly and remains at a comparatively high level. Medium-scale protests have decreased, whereas small- and large-scale protests have increased. In terms of the socio-vocational categories of protest participants, students and laborers have decreased, while white-collar workers and public servants have increased. "New social movement" groups such as environmental, womens' and peace movement organizations superseded trade unions as the most active civil society group organizing/sponsoring social protests. "Disruptive" methods are still being preferred to peaceful methods by social movement groups in South Korea. All in all, the politics of protest in post-transitional South Korea represents both continuities and changes as compared with that of the pre-transition period. The persistence of protest politics in South Korea holds important implications for the future of South Korean democracy. Future research projects should examine whether the persistence of social protest is an enduring, if not perpetual, feature of South Korean democracy and, if so, what kind of effects contentious politics will have on the quality and type of democracy in South Korea.
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