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장성만(Sungman Chang),백종우(Jong-Woo Paik),김성환(Seong Hwan Kim) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2013 생물치료정신의학 Vol.19 No.2
The bias results from the lack of internal validity or incorrect measurement of the association between exposure and effect in the target population. In regard to internal validity, selection bias, information bias, and confounding can appear to some degree in all observational research. Selection bias arises from an absence of comparability among study groups. Information bias is caused by incorrect assessment of exposures, effects, or both. Confounding is a confusing or blurring of effects. Researchers try to relate exposure to outcome but actually measure the effect of a third factor. Confounding can be controlled in several ways - restriction, matching, stratification, and more sophisticated multivariate techniques.
정재훈(Jaehoon Jeong),원승희(Seunghee Won),장성만(Sungman Chang) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2011 생물치료정신의학 Vol.17 No.1
본 연구의 목적은 정신보건시설에 입원 중인 정신분열병 환자의 우울증상에 대한 유병률을 알아보고 이에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 대구경북지역 및 인천경기지역의 정신보건시설에 입원 중인 정신분열병 환자 141명을 대상으로 Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale(CES-D)을 시행하였다. 정신분열병 환자의 우울증상 유병률은 전체46.8%, 남자 43.7%, 여자 50.0%였다. 가족이 없는 경우, 보호자들이 면회를 잘 오지 않는 경우, 지남력의 손상이 있는 경우, 통증이나 불편감이 있는 경우에서 우울 증상이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 정신분열병 환자에서 우울장애의 발생과 진행을 예방하기 위해 이러한 예측인자들에 대한 특별한 주의가 필요함을 제시한다. Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence and to identify predictors of depressive symptoms among inpatients with schizophrenia. Methods : One hundred and forty-one schizophrenic patients were included. Sociodemographic characteristics were obtained by questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale(CES-D). A cutoff score 16 or above was used to indicate depressive symptoms. Results : Prevalence of depressive symptoms was 46.8% in this sample, 43.7% in male and 50.0% in female. No familial support, six or more numbers of admission, infrequent visit of caretaker over the last month, impaired orientation and presence of pain or discomfort were predictors of depressive symptoms. Conclusion : Depressive symptoms were highly prevalent in inpatients with schizophrenia. The predictors of depressive symptoms should be given special attention to prevent the onset and progression of depressive disorder in this group of patients.