농약 잔류 시험을 위한 연속수확 엽채소류의 외삽

손경애(Son Kyeong-Ae),임건재(Geon-Jae Im),홍수명(Su-Myeong Hong),김찬섭(Chan Sub Kim),길근환(Geun-Hwan Gil),진용덕(Yong-Duk Jin),김진배(Jinba Kim),임양빈(Yang Bin Ihm),고현석(Hyeon Seok Ko),김장억(Jang Eok Kim) 한국농약과학회 2013 농약과학회지 Vol.17 No.4

This study was carried out to investigate the pesticide residue pattern among different leafy vegetables applied with foliar spraying under greenhouse and to check extrapolating from some residue trial data to other minor crops. Leafy vegetables used in this study were: Mustard greens (Brassica juncea L.), Kale (Brassica oleracea L.), Dacheongchae (a kind of pak-choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis L.)), Leaf broccoli (Brassica oleracea var alboglabra), Perilla leaf (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. Frutescens), Leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) and Red leaf chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Hegi). These are cultivated all year under indoor or outdoor and cut the leaf from plant continuously during harvest time. The amounts of pesticide deposit in/on the continuous harvesting leafy vegetables were affected by the ratios of leaf area to weight. Ratio of perilla leaf was the largest among crops as 58 cm<SUP>2</SUP>/g. The residue levels of 7 pesticides in/on perilla leaf were the highest than those of other crops through the statistical analysis from zero day to fifth day after last application. The representative crop in 8 crops was perilla leaf selected based on the amounts of daily consumption and the high residues. This study suggest that the continuous harvesting leafy greens should be separated from the one time harvesting leafy vegetables for the pesticide recommendations because of different harvesting habits and pre-harvest intervals.

녹색꽃양배추, 양상추, 상추 수확 후 토양 중 농약의 잔류량 조사

손경애(Kyeong-Ae Son),김찬섭(Chan Sub Kim),이효섭(Hyo Sub Lee),이은영(Eun Young Lee),이희동(Hee Dong Lee),박성은(Sung-eun Park),이지원(Ji-won Lee),홍수명(Su-Myeong Hong),조범행(Buemhaeng Cho),김윤한(Yun-han Kim) 한국농약과학회 2020 농약과학회지 Vol.24 No.4

This study was carried out to confirm the necessity of a residual test after PLS because some pesticide components remain in the soil and are absorbed into the succeeding crop, which may exceed 0.01 mg/kg on a default MRL. Broccoli, head lettuce and lettuce were cultivated after applying pesticide granules according to the standards for safe use of pesticides, and pesticide residues in the soil and crops at harvest period were investigated. On the 31st day after granulation treatment, lettuce was planted. The soil was drip irrigation during the test period. The residual amounts of cadusafos in broccoli and pencycuron in head lettuce were less than 0.01 mg/kg of the quantitative limit, and fluopyram in broccoli and flutolanil in head lettuce exceeded 0.01 mg/kg in the reference amount and doubling treatment. The residual amount in the soil was 0.2-3.58 mg/kg, which was more than 40% of the theoretical treatment concentration. When the lettuce was planted on the 2nd day after the hexaconazole granule treatment, the residual amount was <0.01 mg/kg in harvest. But when the plot was drip-irrigated for 1 month after treatment and lettuce was planted on the 31st day, hexaconazole was 0.02 mg/kg in harvest. Through this test, it was confirmed that in the case of granules that were released slowly after treatment in the soil, a significant amount of pesticide could remain in the soil even if the pesticide was not detected in the crop. And if sufficient water is supplied to the soil, it is likely to be transferred to the succeeding crop. Therefore, it is considered that the plant back intervals and the MRL for the rotational crops on pesticides with a high possibility of remaining in rotational crops should be established through the pesticide residue test for succeeding crop.

입제 농약 처리 후 토양 혼화깊이에 따른 상추 중 hexaconazole, thifluzamide 잔류량 비교

손경애(Kyeong-Ae Son),김찬섭(Chan Sub Kim),이은영(Eun Young Lee),이희동(Hee Dong Lee),박성은(Sung-eun Park),이지원(Ji-won Lee),김이선(Leesun Kim),박지호(Jiho Park),박정훤(Jeong-Hwon Park),김윤한(Yun-han Kim) 한국농약과학회 2021 농약과학회지 Vol.25 No.4

This study investigated how the tillage depth in soil affected the residue of hexaconazole and thifluzamide in lettuce for understanding the appropriate pesticide residue management of the soil and crops. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was planted after the granule type of combined pesticides were applied to the soil and two different depths of tillage (Method 1 and 2) were performed in the soil. The soil was slightly turned over in 5 cm depth in the method 1. The soil was completely turned over in 15 cm depth in the method 2. The residue concentrations in lettuce leaves harvested at 19 or 27 days after planting were 0.02-0.05 mg/kg in the method 1 and 0.01-0.05 mg/kg in the method 2 for hexaconazole and <0.01-0.02 mg/kg in the method 1 and in the method 2 for thifluzamide. The residue concentrations of hexaconazole in lettuce from the method 1 were statistically higher than those from the method 2, but it could not be determined whether the residual concentrations of thifluzamide in lettuce were different between the two methods. In the lower leaves of lettuce harvested at 27 days after planting, hexaconazole remained at a level of 0.04-0.06 mg/kg in the method 1 and 0.02 mg/kg in the method 2. Meanwhile, the residual level of thifluzamide was 0.01-0.04 mg/kg, and was below the limit of quantitation (0.01m g/kg) in method 2. The maximum concentration of hexaconazole (0.06 mg/kg) and thifluzamide (0.04 mg/kg) in the lower part of leaves were twice higher than the average residues in all the edible leaves. In conclusion, the results showed that residues in lettuce may have been affected by the differences of tillage depth.

농약의 노출 평가를 위한 수계예측모형의 적용

손경애(Kyeong-Ae Son),김찬섭(Chan-Sub Kim),길근환(Geun-Hwan Gil),김택겸(Taek-Kyum Kim),권혜영(Hyeyoung Kwon),김진배(Jinbae Kim),임건재(Geon-Jae Im),임양빈(Yang-Bin Ihm) 한국농약과학회 2014 농약과학회지 Vol.18 No.4

Pesticide is used to protect the crops, but also become a cause of polluting the environment. Perform a risk assessment using physical and chemical properties, environmental fate and toxicity data in order to determine the pesticide registration. The aquatic model estimates pesticide concentrations in water bodies that result from pesticide applications to rice paddies and apple orchard. The used models are the PRZM, EXAMS and AGRO shell (PA5), Rice Water Quality Model (RICEWQ) and Screening Concentration In GROund Water (SCI-GROW). The residual concentration of water body was estimated using meteorological data, crop calendar and soil series of Korea. The chosen pesticides were butachlor, carbofuran, iprobenfos and tebuconazole. It has shown the potential that the RICEWQ is possible to predict residue level in water of butachlor and iprobenfos, because the maximum value in water monitoring data is lower than the peak concentration of the model, and the minimum value is lower than the average annual concentration of the model. But RICEWQ was insufficient to predict exposure concentrations in ground water. The estimated exposure concentrations of carbofuran in ground water is very higher than in surface water because of its low soil adsorption coefficient. Although tebuconazole were not detected in the water monitoring that means very low concentration, it is possible that the PA5 can be used to predict residue level in water.

농약 살포조건이 고추열매 중 잔류에 미치는 영향

손경애(Kyeong-Ae Son),강태경(Tae Kyeong Kang),박병준(Byeong Jun Park),김택겸(Taek-Kyum Kim),길근환(Geun-Hwan Gil),김찬섭(Chan Sub Kim),김진배(Jin Bae Kim),임건재(Geon-Jae Im),이기운(Key-woon Lee) 한국농약과학회 2012 농약과학회지 Vol.16 No.3

This study was carried out to clarify effects of field location and sprayer on the level of pesticide residue in chilli peppers. As confirmed by statistical analysis, the residue levels in green pepper among three greenhouses did not show significant difference at the first day after spraying with the same engine sprayer and nozzle. But the residue levels in green peppers collected from the exposed outside of crop were 2 times higher than those from the hidden inside. The sampling site was one of variation elements of pesticide residue. The residue levels after application by knapsack engine powered sprayer were 1.7 times higher than those by manual compressed sprayer. As the spraying pressure of the engine power sprayer is 2 times higher than the commonly used pressure of the manual compressed sprayer, the pressure of the sprayer and nozzles were considered to affect on the residue levels in peppers.

배부식 분무기 노즐이 들깻잎의 농약잔류에 미치는 영향

손경애(Kyeong-Ae Son),강태경(Tae Kyeong Kang),박병준(Byeong Jun Park),진용덕(Yong-Duk Jin),길근환(Geun-Hwan Gil),김찬섭(Chan Sub Kim),김진배(Jin Bae Kim),임건재(Geon-Jae Im),이기운(Key-woon Lee) 한국농약과학회 2012 농약과학회지 Vol.16 No.4

This study was carried out to clarify the effects of the application of pesticide by different spray nozzle types on pesticide residues. The average droplet size and discharge rate were investigated when the manual compressed sprayer with two head disk type nozzle and the knapsack engine powered sprayer with two head fan shape nozzles were used. The fan type nozzles were classified into three types by the number of orifice in the nozzle. Three type nozzles tested were fan with one orifice, fan with two orifices and fan with three orifices. Fan (trade name : D-3) with 2.4 L/min. of the discharge rate and 76 μm of the average droplet size while maintaining constant pressure 1.1 ± 0.2 MPa, and fan D-35 with 2.6 L/min. and 90 μm while maintaining constant pressure 1.0±0.2 MPa were appropriate. The orifice size of D-3 was 0.65 mm length × 0.45 mm width and the orifice size of D-35 was 0.62 mm length × 0.46 mm width. The residue levels of imidacloprid on perilla leaves among four applications by four different nozzles show significantly difference with 5% significance level. The residue levels 3.76~3.92 mg kg^?1 by fan or disk type is smaller than 4.52~4.92 mg kg^?1 by fan II or fan III. The residue levels of imidacloprid on perilla leaf were different depend on the spray nozzles type.

형태적 특성이 다른 들깻잎, 상추, 케일 중 농약 잔류량 비교

손경애(Kyeong-Ae Son),임건재(Geon-Jae Im),홍수명(Su-Myeong Hong),김진배(Jin Bae Kim),임양빈(Yang Bin Ihm),고현석(Hyeon Seok Ko),김장억(Jang Eok Kim) 한국농약과학회 2012 농약과학회지 Vol.16 No.4

This study was carried out in order to compare the residue levels of pesticides among lettuce, kale and perilla leaf depending on the morphological characteristics of plant. Residue levels were investigated at the zero, second, fifth days after last application, 9 species of systemic or non-systemic pesticide were twice applied with 7 days interval by knapsack power sprayer with 2 heads fan shape nozzle. Ratios of leaf area to weight (cm² g^-1) were 58 of perilla leaf, 27 of lettuce and 23 of kale. Ratios of leaf area to weight of perilla leaf was 2.1 times higher than that of lettuce. Residue levels of perilla leaf were 1.3 to 2.3 times higher than those of lettuce at the day of spraying and 1.3 to 3.3 times higher at the fifth day. Therefore the differences of pesticide residues between perilla leaf and lettuce were affected by the ratio of leaf area to weight. Residue levels in lettuce were 2.4 to 7.3 times higher than those in kale at the day of spraying because the adhesive effect of pesticide particles on kale leaf was low.

고추와 착색단고추 재배 중 사용한 Chlorpyrifos의 잔류특성

손경애(Kyeong-Ae Son),권혜영(Hyeyoung Kwon),김진배(Jin Bae Kim),진용덕(Yong-Duk Jin),김택겸(Taek-Kyum Kim),김찬섭(Chan Sub Kim),길근환(Geun-Hwan Gil),임건재(Geon-Jae Im),이기운(Key-woon Lee) 한국농약과학회 2012 농약과학회지 Vol.16 No.3

시설재배 풋고추 및 착색단고추의 재배과정 중 살포되는 chlorpyrifos의 잔류특성을 밝히고자 재배시기 및 약제살포 방법별 잔류량을 조사, 평가하였다. 고추의 재배시기별 열매 중 chlorpyrifos 잔류는 하절기(6~7월)에 비해 동절기(2~3월)에 1.5~2.7배 높게 검출되었다. 동절기 재배중인 풋고추와 착색단고추에 7일 간격 3회 약제 살포 후 1∼10일 동안의 잔류량을 비교하였다. 고추 중 잔류량은 1일차 2.070에서 10일차 0.929 mg kg?1로 감소하였으며, 착색단고추는 1일차 0.302에서 10일차 0.291 mg kg?1으로 감소하여 두 농산물간의 농약잔류량은 6.9~3.2배 차이를 보였다. 착색단고추에 약제를 3일과 7일 간격으로 3회 살포 후 1~10일 동안의 농약잔류량은 각각 0.498~0.291, 0.302~0.267 mg kg?1 범위였다. 착색단고추에 살포농도를 표준량과 배량으로 처리하였을 때 열매 중 농약의 잔류농도는 배량 처리시 2.5배 정도 높았으며, 살포 물량을 달리 했을 때의 영향은 거의 없었다.

국외 후작물 잔류농약 관리 사례

손경애(Son, Kyeong-Ae) 한국농약과학회 2021 한국농약과학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.11

Positive list system (PLS) 시행으로 유사 기준과 기타 농산물 기준이 없어지고 일률기준 0.01 mg/kg이 적용되면서 비의도적 오염에 관한 관심이 높아졌다. 후작물 잔류에 대한 관리방안이 필요하여 한국보다 먼저 이 시스템을 도입한 외국의 사례를 살펴보았다. 농약은 신물질이 등록되는 과정에서 OECD 지침에 따라 후작물 시험성적서가 제출된다. 1단계 대사시험, 2단계와 3단계 잔류시험이 단계별로 진행되고 주로 미국과 EU에서 수행한 Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) 시험성적서가 국제적으로 상호 인정되고 있다. 후작물 잔류기준 설정이 필요하면 국가별로 cGAP (critical good agricultural practice) 따라 기준설정에 필요한 후작물 잔류시험성적이 요구된다. 농약잔류허용기준 (maximum residue limits, MRL) 없이 농약 라벨로 후작물을 관리하려면 최소한 하나의 Plant back interval(PBI) 에서는 작물 중 잔류량 0.01 mg/kg 미만이라야 가능하다. 농약 등록 후에도 기준설정이나 라벨 제한 조치가 발생할 수 있다. 식품 중 잔류농약 모니터링 자료를 보면 정량한계 수준에서 검출되는 시료 들이 모두 후작물 잔류나 비의도적 오염이라고 판단하기 어렵다. 다만 현실적으로 농업인이 해당 작물을 재배하는 동안 사용하지 않은 농약이면서 일률기준을 벗어나 부적합 농산물이 된 경우에 검출된 잔류량이 공중보건의 위해성이 없는 수준이라면 사회적 경제적으로 이런 농약 관리가 합리적인가 하는 의문이 제기되었다. 호주에서는 공중보건의 리스크가 없다고 확인된 일부 농약에 대하여 기타 농산물 기준을 적극적으로 설정하였다. 미국은 주요 작물의 작부 체계가 일정한데 후작물 잔류 우려가 있는 농약은 작물 그룹으로 농약을 등록하여 후작물 잔류기준이 별도로 필요하지 않도록 하였다. EU는 북유럽과 남유럽 지역으로 나누어 잔류시험이 이뤄지고 작물 그룹별 등록을 많이 하고 있다. 최근 후작물 잔류시험 성적서를 평가하여 기존 MRL을 변경한 사례로 플루오피람이 있는데 2021년 11월부터 새 기준이 적용될 예정이다. 후작물 잔류성적에서 나온 MRL 값이 기존 MRL의 25%를 초과하는 경우만 기준을 상향 설정하였다. 평가를 위해 모든 작물을 직접 시험할 수 없으므로 대표작물의 시험성적을 이용하여 해당 그룹 내 작물들에 외삽하여 적용하였다. 일본은 2005년 PLS 도입 이전부터 기타 농산물 기준이 설정되었고 현재까지도 운영되고 있다. 일본에서 농약의 토양 반감기가 100일을 초과하면 후작물 잔류시험 성적서를 요구한다. 한국과 유사한 채소류들이 많이 재배 되지만 기타 농산물 기준을 설정하여 후작물 잔류에 따른 비의도적 오염의 우려를 해소하는 효과가 있다. 예를 들어 플루오피람은 기타 국화과 채소 30 mg/kg, 기타 백합과 채소 0.4 mg/kg 등 12가지 기타 농산물 기준이 설정되어 있다. 살펴본 외국의 사례들은 한국에서 지금까지 농약을 관리해온 이력과 다른 부분들이 많다. Estimated daily intake (EDI) 평가와 가공계수를 이용한 현실적인 위해성 평가를 하고 농업 현장에서 농업인이 농약을 충분히 사용할 수 있도록 MRL과 PBI를 관리하고 있다. 앞으로 후작물 잔류를 관리하려면 우리나라 농업 여건에 맞는 합리적인 시험자료 생산과 과학적 사실에 근거한 기준설정이 필요하다. 모니터링 같은 사후관리 보다 농약의 등록 전 단계에서 자료가 검토되어 농약을 판매하는 단계에서 후작물 잔류에 관한 우려를 해소할 충분한 정보를 농업인에게 전달 할 수 있는 시스템이 마련되어야 한다.

착색단고추 중 플로니카미드 및 그 대사산물의 잔류특성

손경애(Kyeong-Ae Son),권혜영(Hyeyoung Kwon),진용덕(Yong-Duk Jin),박병준(Byeong Jun Park),김진배(Jinba Kim),박정훤(Jung-Hwon Park),김택겸(Taek-Kyum Kim),임건재(Geon-Jae Im),이기운(Key-woon Lee) 한국농약과학회 2013 농약과학회지 Vol.17 No.3

Flonicamid was a water-soluble and systemic insecticide. It was applied to control neonicotinod pesticide-resistant cotton aphid in sweet peppers. However, the residue levels of total flonicamid in sweet pepper exported to Japan in 2009 were exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL). This study was conducted to elucidate residual properties of flonicamid parent compound and its metabolites in sweet peppers. It was carried out to compare the variation of residues in sweet pepper in three different greenhouses for 21 days after 3 times application with 7 days interval. The mean residues were 0.176, 0.152 and 0.108 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> and the residue levels in sweet pepper among three greenhouses show significant difference. The maximum residue levels were detected 10 days later after last treatments. The overall residue levels were lower than MRL 2.0 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (by Korea) and 0.4 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (by Japan in 2009 but now revised MRL is 2.0 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>). But the residue level of total flonicamid at the 21th day after 3 times treatment with 7 days interval was 0.429 mg kg.1 restricted by the application of double rate than recommended rate. The amounts of metabolites, TFNA, 4-Trifluoro methyl nicotinic acid and TFNG, N-(4-trifluoro methyl nicotinoyl) glycine were increased while flonicamid parent compound was decreased over time. Therefore the longer trial period should be needed for flonicamid in sweet peppers.