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가족영역(家族領域)에서의 `삶의 질(質)`의 분석방법(分析方法) 연구(硏究)
장현섭 ( Hyun-seob Chang ),김현옥 ( Hyun-oak Kim ) 한국보건사회연구원 1994 保健社會硏究 Vol.14 No.2
`삶의 質`은 대단히 複合的인 槪念이다. `삶의 質`온 학자, 정치인, 정책담당자,일반인 사이에서 폭넓게 언급되고 있는 용어임에도 불구하고 합의된 개념 정의가 아직 존재하지 않고 있다. 安寧,福祉,生活水準, 滿足度, 幸福惑 등의 의미로 사람마다 각각 상이하게 사용되고 있는 실정이다. 그만큼 `삶의 質`이라는 용어가 의미하는 바가 包括的이며 含蓄的임을 뜻한다. 그럼에도 불구하고 `삶의 質`을 분석하는 硏究者의 주된 관심이 `삶` 자체에 있는가 또는 삶에 대한 인간의 `인식`에 있는가에 따라서 연구자들은 크게 두 가지 종류의 `삶의 質`의 지표를 개발하여 왔다. 객관적 사회지표와 주관적 사회지표가 그것이다. 전자는 인간의 여러 가지 특성 즉 經濟的, 生物學的, 環境的, 文化的 속성 중에서 어느 부분을 다루었는가에 따라 다양하게 나타난다. 따라서 `삶의 質`의 모 든 영역을 누락됨이 없이 중복됨이 없이 대표하기가 거의 불가능하다는 문제점을 안고 있다. 한편 후자는 인간의 주관적 판단 즉 만족도나 행복감 둥에 따라서 `삶 의 質`이 달라진다고 보기 때문에 `質`의 개념을 상대적인 것으로 환원시키는 문제점을 안고 있다. `훌륭한 社會`없이 훌륭한 人間을 기대하기 힘들고 質的으로 높은 삶을 바랄 수 없다. 훌륭한 사회란 훌륭한 사회제도가 있는 사회이다. 결국 사회가 機能的으로 작용하자면 반드시 필요한 制度的 패러다임이 무엇인가를 파악하는 것이 `삶의 質 `을 연구하기 위한 선결사항이 될 것이다. 우리는 제도적 패러다임을 분석하기 위 하여 비판주의 전통의 역사적 총체성과 Parsons의 네 가지 기능의 패러다임으로부터 틀을 빌려왔다. 결국 한국 가족생활의 `삶의 質`을 연구한다는 것은 단순히 가족이나 가구형태의 변 화롤 究明하고 그 구성원들의 생활만족도를 측정하는 작업에 그치지 않는다. 사회내의 각 패러다임의 기능이 어떻게 바뀌었고 바뀐 기능에 걸맞는 가족생활조건이 갖추어졌는가 그리고 국제사회의 변화는 각 패러다임에 어떤 영향을 주고 있는가 둥을 총 체적으로 따져야 한다. `Quality of life` is a very complex concept. Despite the word being widely used by the public as well as scholars, politicians, and policy makers, there is no generally agreed definition. It is differently used with such meanings as well-being, welfare, standard of life, life satisfaction, happiness, etc. This means the expression `quality of life` is comprehensive and implicative. Researchers have developed two kinds of indicators to judge `quality of life`, depending on whether their main concerns are in `life` itself or in human `perception` of life. The first is by objective indicators and the second by subjective indicators. The former varies depending on which attribute(s) is/are considered among economic, biological, environmental, cultural, etc. composing human activity. Thus the problem is that it is almost impossible to present all and each domains of quality of life. While, the latter considers that quality of life depends on human subjective judgement, such as satisfaction or happiness, resulting in the problem that the concept of `quality` becomes relativistic. A good person or high quality of life cannot be expected in the absence of a `good society`. A `good society7 is the one with good social institutions. The authors judge that identifying the necessary institutional paradigm for a society to work organically is a prerequisite for doing research on quality of life. To analize these institutional paradigms the authors borrow a frame of reference from the historical totality of critical tradition and Talcott Parsons` four functional paradigms. Ultimately research on `quality of life` in the Korean family includes not only identifying changes in patterns of family or household, or measuring life satisfaction of members of a society. It must include analysing holistically how the function of each paradigm in a society has changed, whether family life condition is fitted to the changed function or not, and what influence the international societal changes is producing on each paradigm.
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인구동태신고자료(人口動態申告資料)로 본 한국(韓國)의 출산력(出産力) 변화양상(變化樣相) 및 추세(趨勢)
한영자 ( Young-ja Han ),김현옥 ( Hyun-oak Kim ) 한국보건사회연구원 1987 保健社會硏究 Vol.7 No.2
Demographic changes have occurred continuously in Korea due to the possibility of intentional birth control, which in turn brought about other general social changes. Human behaviour does not change easily, but once it begins to change, it is a continuous process. Fertility level changes lead to the changes in the number of population with some time lag. Therefore the projection of demographic change is very significant in itself, as well as for future social policy formulation. The family planning programme which has been implemented for 25 years as a historical request for population control, has greatly contributed to fertility decline, along with socio-economic development. As a result the total fertility rate declined to 2.1, the population replacement level, in 1985. Now at this moment it is very important to analyze the fertility trend which gives the most significant influence to demographic changes for population policy direction decisions and formulation of population policy measures. In this article, the authors analyzed the changes in fertility from 1972 through 1985 using the vital statistical data published by the Economic Planning Board. The results are as follows; a. Annual births tend recently to be concentrated to the mothers in their 20`s. In 1972, 60.2p€rcent of annual births occurred to mothers in their 20`s and 36.3percent in their 30`s and over, However, in 1985, 86.7percent of annual births were by mother`s in their 20`s and only 10.5percent in their 30`s and over. b. The proportion of lower birth order has been increased and the proportion of higher birth order has been decreased. The proportion of first birth order increased from 26.7pcrcent in 1972 to 51.4percent in 1985, and that of second birth order increased from 23.7percent to 38.3percent during the same period. As a result, the proportion of both first and second birth order increased from 50.4percent to 89.7percent during the same period. c. Increase in the proportion of the lower birth order and decrease in the proportion of the higher birth order are common to all age groups of mothers. These results mean that the fertility level became lower in general and these trends are remarkable in the 1980s. The fact that the proportion of the lower birth order is higher in Korea than that in China and Japan in 1985, shows an index to the future fertility trend. These phenomena are due to the successful family planning programme responding to the historical request for population control, to social support policy measures for family planning enacted at the end of 1981 in the line with the Fifth Five Year Economic and Social Development Plan and to the one child family campaign beginning in 1983. The impact of population policies on demographic changes is so great that the necessity of continued research on demographic changes and related fertility changes, has to be emphasized. In addition the comparative study with other countries which have already experienced demographic transition could give guidance to policy formulation and flexible policy direction.
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