壬辰倭亂 初期 靑陽地域 義兵 蜂起와 活動

곽호제(Kwak, ho-je) 충남대학교 충청문화연구소 2016 충청문화연구 Vol.16 No.-

The righteous army was a volunteer justice troop what rose against a invasion of japanese under the banner of royalty to the king during the Imjin war. The righteous army leaders were elite of society who personally realized plain truth of the Neo-Confucianism therefore persons of honour and reputation whose had mainly apeals to the respect of king and country in the crisis and minorly apeals to the protection of povince by themselves rose it up the righteous army to stand against japanese invasion and brutality. Chohun was a representative leader of the righteous army in Hoseo region where was stationed japanese base camp. He took it up Yi Yi"s (courtesy name Yulgok) scholastic mantle and he taught a lots of confucian scholar for working as a local superintendent. A real activities of Chohuns army begun after the fourth righteous army rebellion what his students those who had connected with him as theirs teacher for teaching them joined with theirs local armies. At that time, three pepele as Le Kwan-gyun, Im Jung-bok, Bok Oeng-kil and theirs armies from choengyang joined Chohuns camp. Specially theirs troops and logistic support helped that Chohuns activities got more active. There were three of commander in Cheoungyang as Lee Kwan-gyun, Im Jung-bok, Bok Oeng-kil whose were student of Chohun. Three families as Lee, Im, Bok were connected by marriage also they linked in relationship with local powerful followed three commander were linked with each other by marriage, family, same home place. A well-armed Cho Hun"s forces after together the Cheongyang righteous army retaked the Cheongju where the Japanese army had been holding critical position for 3 months. Eventually, It was lead to result what japanese army retreated from Geumsan even if all of his righteous soldier died in battle at Geumsan where the 10 thousands japanese were stationed to advance toward Honam region. To conclude, As the righteous army in Cheongyang was one of Cho Hun"s main force, it was been a foundation of rebuilding country by blocking the japanese army toward right side of Chungcheongdo and Honam region.

朝鮮後期 德山地域 驪州李氏家의 學問的 性格

곽호제(Kwak Ho-je) 역사문화학회 2004 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.7 No.1

The member of Yeoju Lee’s family, who lived in the Deogsan area from the 18th and the early 19th century for generations, are Lee Kwang-hyu and his son Lee Chul-hwan, Lee Byung-hyu and his son Lee Sarrr hwan, and Lee Yong-hyu and his son Lee Ga-hwa, the descendants of of Lee Ik, pen name Sungho. After ‘Kyungsinhwanguk’ (political structural reform - most of the south factionwas deported and the west took power), one of Yeoju Lee’s ancestor, Lee Ha-jin was punished to death because of his different political disposition, and Lee Jam was also imprisoned to death since for his involvement in the ‘Crown Prince Issue’. As a result of the incidents, Yeoju Lee’s family concentrated on the search for studies, apart from advancing in the political arena. The reasonwhy Sungho Lee Ik, living in Chumsung-li, was called a great scholar in practical sciences, and descendants could succeed from his academic traditions are derived from the fate of family. In the course of receiving Western Studies in the late Chosun Dynasty, Lee’s family had a strong tendency for Western Studies by accepting or excluding it with lots of interest. As the modern-oriented disposition in the late Chosun Dynasty, this shows a changed academic feature of newly formed studies. In the book ‘Mulbo’, written by Lee Chul-hwan and his son Lee Jae-wi, it is said that human being is the most valuable existence among all creatures: thus, the character of creatures is supposed to be beneficial to mankind by human’s scientific analysis. Meanwhile, considering that the interest for trees and plants is bigger than for insects and fish, it is assumed the former was used as useful medicine, making a great contribution to the medical development of daily life. In the process of accepting Catholicism, Lee Oa-hwan’s interest toward Catholicism and Lee Sam-hwan’s expulsion toward it shows different aspects in their chracter. Lee Ga-hwan was influenced by western astronomy, so he read such books as ‘Chuniusilui’, and ‘Chilguk’, and he thought there was a God in the heaven all the time. Also, after Lee Ga-hwan debated with Lee Byuk fervently, Lee Ga-hwan called Catholicism ‘truth and the right way’. When the government started to oppress against Catholicism, there were both opinions to call Catholic missionary, and to bring in the western ship that could protect Catholicism. Meantime, Lee Sam-hwan criticized the service of Catholicism and its nonsensical fiction by writing two consecutive books of ‘Yanghakbyun’, and denied the miracle of Catholicism in the book of ‘Dapinwoosokbyun’. Lee Sam-hwan’s active repulsion toward Catholicism is validated King Jungjo’s appointing him to be involved in ‘Byuksajijung’. The fact that Lee Nam-gyu, pen name Sudang, who was the core member of righteous army activity, wrote Lee Sam-hwan’s epitaph could be a helpful clue to understand the academic disposition of Yeoju Lee’s family is related to the repulsion movement in the late Daehan Empire.

朝鮮後期~日帝時代 內浦地域의 形成과 變化

곽호제(Kwak Ho-je) 역사문화학회 2004 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.7 No.2

Due to the tide, ships could go far inland in the Naepo area. In Yesan and Deoksan located east to Gayasan mountain, agricultural production technology was developed earlier than in other regions. Because large-scale reclamation was done, cultivated lands were extended at a rapid pace. Markets called Jangsi, which were held once every five days in the Naepo area, were formedaround horse roads established in the Joseon Period. Districts called eupchi and Jangsi or markets were generally 20-30 ri (8-12 kilometers) apart which meant peddlers could make one round trip a day. In the Naepo area, a peddlers’ network of systems and activities existed until recently. Their relics are still preserved. It is thought that mainly peddlers participated in selling in Jangsi. As we can judge from market-opening-days (every 5 days), markets were centered in districts such as Hongju, Yesan, Seosan, and Dangjin. Let’s suppose the market was opened on the first day in the commercial center in the market network of the Naepo area. Hongju and Hapdeok markets were opened on the first day. Deoksan and Seosan markets on thesecond, Daecheon and Taean markets on the third, Cheonui market which was moved from Gwangcheon and Seungpo on the fourth, and Haemi and Yesan markets on the fifth. The main products sold in these markets were fish, salt, and produce. In particular, fish and salt were constantly sold from the beginning of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. During the late Joseon Era, most merchants in the Naepo area were packmen or peddlers on ships. There were also farmers and artisans who wanted to sell produce and handicrafts. However, permanent stores increased after the ports were opened to foreign vessels. Japanese and Chinese merchants entered the Naepo area and engaged in commerce. While 39 markets were formed in the Naepo area in the late 18th century, there were 40 in 1908. There was no big difference in the number of markets, but the number of market-openings increased from 10 in the late 18th century to 92 in 1908. This change reorganized the commercial area. Commercial centers such as Yesan and Gwangcheon were extended. Yesan grew rapidly into the 20th regular market in the nation in the 1930s. A permanent market opened every day was formed in Ong-ampo, Gwangcheon. Market reorganization caused small-scale markets to disappear or change their opening day to remain in existence. After the 1920s, the rapid growth of Yesan market and the opening of Chungnamseon railroad (in the present Janghangseon railroad) were thought of as the causes for changes. In particular, Sapgyo and Sillyewon were adjacent to Chungnamseon railroad.

고려∼조선시대 泰安半島漕運의 실태와 運河掘鑿

곽호제(Kwak Ho Je) 역사문화학회 2009 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.12 No.1

태안반도는 전근대시대에 조운선의 항해에 위험지역이 다른 지역에 비해 많이 분포되어 있는 지역이다. 따라서 이 지역에서는 각 시대마다 연례적으로 조운선이 침몰되는 대형의 해난사고가 발생하였다. 이러한 대형의 해난사고는 작게는 漕運에 임했던 선원의 인명피해와 선적했던 미곡과 선박의 침몰에 따르는 재정적 손실로부터 시작하여, 나아가서 이로 인해 파생되는 국가와 사회의 혼란으로 연계되었다. 태안반도 연안에서 연속적으로 발생했던 대형의 해난사고에 대하여, 국가와 위정자들은 운하를 굴착함으로써 안흥량과 관장목, 그리고 쌀썩은여등 조운로상의 위험지역을 피하려고 대규모의 役事를 수행하였다. 그러나 3곳에서 4차에 걸쳐 전개되었던 태안반도에서의 운하굴착의 役事는 안면도 굴착을 제외하고는 모두 실패하였다. 인조 때 수행된 안면도의 굴착도 그 자체의 목적인 항로상 쌀썩은여를 피하는 것은 성공하였으나, 근본적인 안흥량과 관장목을 피할 수는 없는 役事였다. Frequent marine accidents happened on the Taean Peninsula in the pre-modern era. Therefore, consistent excavation was done to safely move rice that was collected as tax in the three regions (Kyeongsangdo, Jeollado, and Cheongcheongdo) to the central city. From Goryeo Dynasty to mid-Joseon Dynasty, excavation was deployed in three places on the Taean Peninsula. The first attempt was started by King Injong(仁宗) in the Goryeo Dynasty by sending Jeong seop-myong(鄭襲明) who ordered the excavation to the boundary area between Taean and Seosan to avoid dangerous regions such as Anheongryang(安興梁), Gwanjangmok(冠丈목) and Anmyeongot(安眠串). This attempt happened in the King Yijong(毅宗) era in the Goryeo Dynasty. There were four attempts to excavate tunnels in the Gulpo(堀浦) region by Wang gang(王康) in the King Gongyang(恭讓王) era, and by Shin sook-ju(申叔舟) and An cheol-son(安哲孫) in the King Sejo(世祖) era. However, they all failed. The second attempt was tried by Go hyeong-san(高荊山) and Lee hyun(李俔) during the King Joongjong(中宗) era in the Joseon Dynasty. They excavated Yihang(蟻項) that is formed by a sand bed to avoid Gwangjangmok among the three dangerous areas mentioned above. This attempt failed as well. The third attempt was undertaken on the Anmyeon peninsular(安眠半島) to avoid Anmyeongot during the King Injo(仁祖) era in the Joseon Dynasty. Originally, the Anmyeon peninsula was long stretch south bound between the West sea and Cheonsu Bay(淺水灣) from the Taean peninsula. Anmyeongot located on the tip of the Anmyeon peninsula, as a dangerous spot, currently is called “Ssalseonkeunyeo(쌀썩은여),”which is related to the wreck of a ship that transported rice. The excavation of Anmyeongdo island(安眠島) that happened during the King Injo era was more successful than the other two. It was not an easy enterprise to excavate the tunnel during the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties because of problems below. First, there were operational problems with marine transportation systems. Jeong yak-yong(丁若鏞) points out limited technology of shipbuilding, corruption of government officers, and intentional shipwrecks of sailors as the main reasons of shipwrecks. Second, there was a disparity between the cause and the actual efficiency of tunnel excavation during the establishment of national policy. Detailed and exact investigations and plans had to be made to reduce the mistakes. However, the politicians did not anticipate problems that were caused by the local geography and unexpected situations because of political interest.

壬辰倭亂期 淸州城戰鬪의 義兵將 硏究

郭鎬濟 충남대학교 사학회 1998 忠南史學 Vol.10 No.-