「Paradise Lost」에 나타난 Milton의 여성관

陳判慶 한국현대영어영문학회 1980 현대영어영문학 Vol.16 No.1

Four Quartets에 나타난 時間과 永遠

陣判慶 관동대학교 1996 關大論文集 Vol.24 No.2

T. S. Eliot' s Four Quartets is the work keeping more profound philosophy and religion than his any other literary ones, which is mainly formed by deep meditations as to the poet's time and timeless. Eliot shows as aspect a little obsessed by time in his early works, but reveals the view of more-matured time in Four Quartets, his latter masterpiece, And then, we need to study “From whence is his view of time”, which is subject of this poem. It origiates in St. Augustine's view of time, which is believed to have exerted much influence upon Eliot's thought and philosophy on times. St. Augustine's thought of time is as follows: What, then, is time? If no one asks me, I know : If I want to explain it to someone who asks me, I do not know. ....... How, then, can these two kinds of time, the past and the future, be when the past no longer is and the future as yet does not be? But if the present were always present, and would not pass into the past, it would no longer be time, but eternity. Eliot adds that the potential event is the practical one besides St. Augustine's actual analysis of time. He transcends the division of the part, the present and the future and show the eternal present of time in this work. According to Yasuo Moriyama, there are three kinds of timelessness in literature: Firstly, infinity through recollection; Secondly, everlastingness of the literary works; Thirdly, eternity in a sense of religion. These three kinds of timelessness are dealt with the theme acted on forming a perfect whole in Four Quartets. The moment of timeless is described through the various kinds of poetic mental images : the image as to the drained pool in an empty house filled with water out of sunlight(“BN”, Ⅰ); the one as to catching the sudden look of some dead master, whom the poet had known, forgotten, half recalled both one and many, meeting on spirit & asking its deep impression(“LG”, Ⅱ); the one as to the appearance of the inhabitants in the olden village dancing around the bomfire on the summer evening and the concord of man and woman accomplished in dancing(“EC”, Ⅰ); and on the other hand, even after weak lights are put out, the post realizes them(“BN”, Ⅱ.134-5); he realizes whenever and wherever he can be, looking out at the sea where the sun spreads its beams in the morning(“EC”, Ⅱ. 48-50); By hearing Krishna's voice from the wild wind echoed against the antenna of the ship(“DC”, Ⅱ.146-7), and in the old church isolated from the village considering history the product which timeless as well as time has been united together and achieved(“LG”, Ⅱ.235-37) and so forth. What can be recognized at the moment touching timeless is the still point of the turning world and essence at the center of government unifying kinds of phenomena, namely God Himself. And it can be said God that can be understandable for Eliot is nothing except Jesus Christ.

T.S. Eliot의 文學世界

陳判慶 관동대학교 1986 關大論文集 Vol.14 No.1

Thomas Stearns Eliot, who became famous for "The Waste Land," his long masterpiece filling the barren circumstances of human spirit in Europe that World War I left, has exerted an important effect on the British & American poetic circles through his excellent poems and literary criticism thereafter published by him What Eliot thinks to be the ideal process of poem-making is that the poem must fuse his own emotion, feeling and thought with 'unified sensibility,' and then he must find 'the objective correlative'. In this 'active, intensive process,' the important precondition is a poet's impersonality through his historical sense, especially in literature, 'Latin Tradition', pursuing insistently 'order' and 'unity'. According to his critical mind in literature, Eliot pretend that poetry is not a mere expression of poet's individual emotion, but a trinity of emotion, feeling and thought in accordance with his whole experience. The objective implies a kind of mode to transmute practical emtions into poetic images or aesthetic emotion and to cope with poet's personality for impersonality with the sense of history, from which the enlargement of poet's talent springs. For the sense of history makes him exist along with the universal order. Eliot revaluated the metaphysical poets who tried to find the verbal epuivalent for states of mind and feeling. It is evident that Eliot made efforts to find out "how to write" rather than "what to write," but he does not refuse emotions and personality.

Four Quartets에 나타난 靜止點의 意味

陳判慶 관동대학교 1993 關大論文集 Vol.21 No.1

In terms of T.S. Eliot`s poetry, Plato`s the World of Becoming` is symbolized as `the turning world.` The place where the concept of this turnign world comes out is in the poems before The Waste Land and the place where that of `the still point` makes its appearance is in the poems after this great work. It is said that the theme of Four Qaurtets is the problem of time and eternity; that is to say, that of the world of time and the world of timeless. Then, the representative central imagery to the place of this work is `the still point` and `the rose-garden`;we can personally esperience the former by the paradox (the still point of the turning world) to be understood at the transparent moment of consciousness and the logic of negation(Neither from nor towards), and can also do the latter through our real experience and illusion. Therefore, the important symbol having relation with this time is the still point and the rose-garden. Two fragments of Heraclitus`s thought used as the epigraph to Eliot`s Four Qaurtets read:"Although the Word(Logos) is common to all, most men live as if they each had a private wisdom of his own"; and "The way up and the way down are one and the same." These two statements are modified by Christian world view. Eliot`s cosmologh is a Christian one, incorporating Aristotle`s idea of the `Unmoved Mover` in his moditation upon the relationship between time and eternity. And while Heraclitus emphasizes the process of flux through which the harmony of the world is attained, Eliot posits `the still point` as a symbol of the Logos which harmonizes all the contradiction and inconsistency of the changing world. It is thought that to revive the experiece of past by memory is to try to find out the meaning in it. It is said, therefore, that, for Eliot, the rose-garden is the image of the still point to be able to be grasped in `the point of intersection of the timeless with time.`

Four Quartets에 나타난 秩序와 調和

陳判慶 관동대학교 1994 關大論文集 Vol.22 No.1

Eliot's Four Quartets consists of four poems, namely "Burnt Norton(1936)," "East Coker(1940)," "Dry Salvages(1941)" and "Little Gidding(1942)." The themes of these four poems deal with the relationship of historical time(past, present & future) and eternity. The fomer time is the actual one we undergo in daily life, but the latter is the philosophical world of meditation which we barely manage to perceive in our mind or fantasy. The relationship of both of the above, in other words, can be named as man's and cosmic time, and corresponds to that of time and timeless. On the one hand, if we explain this relationship by the concept of space, it means the world of movement coming into being & changing and the world of stilness maintaining eternal harmony and order: again, expressing this idea figuratively with better understanding, it is similar to the relationship of both together that though the wheel moves ceaselessly, the axle-tree achieves the unification for its wheel without moving in the pivot of movement while keeping up its perpetual immobility. Among the ideas which Eliot draws upon for his purposes is the philosophy of Heraclitus, an ancient Greek philosopher. Tow fragments of the philosopher's thought used as the epigraph to Eliot's work read:(Translated into English by Goerge Williamson) 1) "Although the Law of Reason(Logos) is common, the majority of people live as though they had an understanding (wisdom) of their own." 2) "The way upward and downward are one and the same." These two statements are modified by Eliot's Christian world view. Eliot's cosmology is a Christian one, incorporating Aristotle's idea of the 'Unmoved Mover' in his meditation upon the relationship between time and eternity. And while Heraclitus emphasizes the process of flux through which the harmony of the world is attained, Eliot posits 'the still point' as a symbol of the Logos which harmonizes all the contradiction and inconsistency of the changeing world. Heraclitus' philosophy of the four elements also contributes to the thematic development of Eliot's Four Quartets. "Burnt Norton," the first quartet, makes use of the image of air in his meditation upon time and the timeless. "East Coker" employs the symbol of earth. Its use here is quite appropriate because this quartet deals with history in relation to Eliot's ancestral home. If "Burnt Norton" contemplates glimpses of eternity through transcendent moments, "East Coker" dwells upon the process of human life and history. The ruling symbol in "The Dry Salvages" is water. Human life is conceived as a river endlessly flowing into the sea. "The Dry Salvages" is a transitional poem leading to a great affirmation in the final quartet, "Little Gidding." If "Burnt Norton" is a poem about 'What might have been,' a transcendental experience of the rose-garden, "East Coker is a poem about 'What has been', in that it deals with the poet's own life, his family and the history of England. "The Dry Salvages" continues the eternal theme of time and eternity: the river is human time, while the sea is the timeless and eternity. "Little Gidding" is a culminating poem and its main symbol is fire which stands for both spiritual purification and religious fervor. Eliot's Four Quartets, as mentioned above, is composed of the theme and imagery contrary to each other, inconsistency and harmony or disorder and order. That is to say, it is a work in which we can find the new order and harmony out of the antagonistic concept of chaos and discord; time and eternity, motion and quiescence, beginning and end, light and darkness, life and death, past and future, river and sea, fear and serenity.

T.S. Eliot의 Four Quartets에 나타난 人間 精神의 解放

陳判慶 관동대학교 1998 關大論文集 Vol.26 No.1

T.S.Eliot's Four Quartets is composed of 4 poems: they are "Burnt Norton(1936)." "East Coker(1940)." "Dry Salvages(1941)" and "Little Gidding(1942)." Among the ideas which Eliot draws upon for his purposes in Four Quartets the great philosophy of Heraclitus, an ancient Greek philosopher. Two fragments of the philosopher's thought used as the epigraph for Eliot's work read: "Although the Word(Logos) is common to all, most men live as if they each had a private wisdom of his own.":and "The way up and the way down are one and the same." These two statesments are modified by Eliot's Cristiarr world-view. Eliot's cosmology is a Christian one. incorporating Aristotle's idea of the 'Unmoved Mover' in his meditation upon the relationship between time and eternity. And while Heraclitus emphasizes the process of flux through which the harmony of the world is attained. Eliot posits the 'still point' as a symbol of the Logos which harmonizes all the contradiction and inconsistency of the changing world. Heraclitus philosophy of the four elements also contributes to the thematic development of Eliot's Four Quartets. "Burnt Norton" the first quartet, makes use of the image of air in his meditation upon time and the timeless. "East Coker" employs the symbol of earth. Its use here is quite appropriate because this quartet deals with history in relation with Elito's ancestral home. If "Burnt Norton" contemplates glimpses of eternity through trascendent moments. "East Coker" dwells upon the process of human life and history.The ruling symbol in "The Dry Salvages" is water. Human life is conceived as a river ceaselessly flowing into the sea. "The Dry Salvages" is a transitional poem leading to a great affirmation in the final quartet. "Little Gidding". "The Dry Salvages" continues the central theme of time and eternity: the river is human time, while the sea is the timeless or eternity. "Little Gidding", the last quartet, is a culminating poem, which starts with a religious community founded by Nicholas Ferrar in 1625. The founder's ideal was a life of prayer and Christian asceticism:hence, "Little Gidding" is a place where time and the timeless may be reconciled. The main symbol in this poem is fire which stands for both spiritual purification and religious fervor. Eliot's meditation upon the temporal life of man is much further deepened by his conception of the human soul. There states of attachment, detachement and indifference in man's mind are considered with various examples. Man's spiritual freedom as well as his apprehension of the timeless significance of history is attainable only through detachment. Four Quartets provides a series of profound meditations upon the human condition and the various ways of redemption open to man.

Milton의 作品을 통해서 본 Satan : Paradise Lost를 中心으로

陳判慶 대한신학교 1987 생수 Vol.5 No.-

T.S.Eliot의 詩 硏究 : The Composition and Time of Four quartets Faur Quartets의 構成과 時間觀

陳判慶 관동대학교 1989 關大論文集 Vol.17 No.2

Four Quartets is composed of 4 poems("Burnt Norton,"1936; "East Coker," 1940;"The Dry Salvages," 1941; "Little Gidding," 1942) and each poem has 5 movements. There are two important aspects of Four Quartets. One is the formal aspect of the musical structure. The other is the substance which explores the ecstatic moment when the 4 elements of Heraclitus` universe(air, earth, water, fire)will meet the world of flowing time, at the still point of the intersection of `the timeless` with `time`, i. e. the task of the ultimate salvation of man. According to Yasuo Moriyama, Four Quartets is a work similar to a drapery woven into a thick lengthwise texture and a thin crossway texture. The lengthwise(vertical)ply implies the thought of Heraclitus shown in the epigraphs. The idea of Heraclitus Logos and that of Eliot are a little different. Eliot is establishing and expressing `the still point` as the symbol of Logos, the central point that will solve and harmonize the contradiction or inconsistency in the changing world, whereas Heraclitus regards cosmos and harmony in the idea of Aristotle`s `Unmoved mover`. Aristotle called the source of movement, to make the flux and change of the universe possible, `Unmoved mover`. The relationship between the still axis and the wheel turning round the center exposes this idea well. We have contended that the theme of Four Quartets is the problem of time and eternity; that is, that of world of changing time and timelessness. The important symbol related with this time is `the rose-garden` and the poet sings of the possibility of redeeming `the past` into `the present` while considering the way of recognition with reminiscence, symbolizing the experience of his youth. Moreover, the rose-garden in the work represents the happy experience of the poet`s younger days and it is in the world of recollection that the changing spectacle of his past can be resuscitated. Thus the rose garden may be the orchard in New Hampshire where the poet played in childhood, and the garden where he parted with La Figlia che Piange(the weeping young lady) and the world where Dante whispered of love with Beatrice. Eliot`s Eour Quartets is a work where we can always find the new cosmos and order from the conflicting themes of contradiction and harmnony, time and eternity, movement and suspension, beginning and end, light and darkness, birth and death, past and future, river and sea, terror and tranquility-the opposing idea of chaos and complication.

Milton의 作品을 통해서 본 Satan : Paradise Lost를 중심으로

陳判慶 明知大學校 人文大學 英語英文學科 1986 Veritas Vol.- No.5

Milton의 作品을 通해서 본 人間本性과 惡의 問題 : Paradise Lost를 중심으로

진판경 대한신학교 1982 논문집 Vol.2 No.-