現代社會에 있어서의 人間疎外

皮世鎭 건국대학교 현대이념비교연구회 1983 現代理念硏究 Vol.1 No.-

소외는 상실,결여,불만족,무리에 끼이지 못함을 의미한다.그러나 그 의미는 학자에 따라, 시대에 따라, 또는 목적에 따라 여러가지로 변할 수 있다. 또 소외는 개인일 수도 있고 집단일수도 있고 민족일수도 있다. 그러나 소외의 저농적 해석은 1)소유권의 이양,2)정신적 혼란,3)인간 상호간의 멀어짐등이다.

認識의 限界와 可能

皮世鎭 건국대학교 교육대학원 1982 敎育論叢 Vol.2 No.-

What do we know? What is the extent of our knowledge? Can we have any knowledge of nature as it really is? What is the truth? These are the problems of epistemology. Epistemology or the theory of knowledge is concerned with the nature, basis and scope of knowledge. In the Theaetetus Socrates discusses with Theaetetus concerning the nature of knowledge. When Socrates asked Theaetetus "What is knowledge?", Theaetetus answered that knowledge is perception. Perception is one of the sources of our knowledge. But if knowledge is perception, it is something purely relative to the perceiver. Knowledge must have the universality and necessity. Thus, Kant said that universality and necessity is a mark or criterion of a knowledge. In the introduction to the Prolegomena, Kant informs us of the origin and aim of his philosophy. His philosophy is a transcendental criticism, that is, an examination of knowledge. Our external senses represent their objects as extended in space, and our internal senses represent our conscious states as succeeding each other in time. Space and time are the a priori conditions of external and internal sensation. The fact that knowledge based on the nature of space and time is necessary and universal. Their role is to reduce the multiplicity of the object to that unity which is an essential condition of being perceived by the subject. They are the conditions of sensitive intuition. So the space and time are the pure forms of our intuition, while sensation forms its matter. The a priori forms of the pure understanding are the categories, which stand to intellectual knowledge in the relation in which space and time stand to sense knowledge. Although the categories are a priori, that is, independent of sensation, they do not extend our knowledge beyond phenomena.

Mill에 있어서 '보다 높은 쾌락'의 의미

피세진 건국대학교 1996 學術誌 Vol.40 No.1

Mill understood the 'higher pleasures' to be the pleasures of the intellect of the feelings and imagination, and of the moral sentiments in contrast to the pleasures of mere sensation. The doctrine of the higher pleasures was not only compatible with but actually essential for Mill's deep commitment to liberty. So, The liberty of man takes on an objective importance in a desirable plan of life. Mill wants to ground the superiority of the higher pleasures on people's choices, and he wants to defend individual autonomy on the ground that it is a basic source of the higher pleasures. And he wants to show also that a man's preference for the higher pleasures could be proof of their superiority.

Hume의 도덕개념들에 관한 연구

피세진 건국대학교 인문과학연구소 1997 인문과학논총 Vol.29 No.-

쾌락의 양과 질 : Bentham 과 Mill를 중심으로 focused on Bentham and Mill

피세진 건국대학교 1994 學術誌 Vol.38 No.1

Mill's introduction of the distinction between quantity and quality, and his doctrine of higher and lower pleasures is to dissociate from Bentham who affirms "quantity of pleasure being equal, push-pin is as good as poetry. Mill speaks of higher faculties as well as higher pleasures. He thinks that the pleaures associated with the more elevated faculties are superior both in kind and absolutely to the pleasures associated with animal appetites. So mental pleasure is preferable in kind to physical pleasure. Mill's problm is what makes some pleasure higher and others lower ? He appeals to the feelings and judgment of wise persons who are acquainted with both sides of pleasures. What I aimed in this study is to clarify what Mill's true intention is.

Sigmund Freud의 도덕론 연구 : super-ego와 良心을 중심으로

피세진 건국대학교 인문과학연구소 2000 인문과학논총 Vol.35 No.-

This study is to criticize the Freud's moral theory. Freud's arguments on the morality are as follows ; 1. Freud explains how human beings acquire a moral conscience by means of his theory of the super-ego. 2. Freud speak of moral conscience in terms of anxiety-producing function of the super-ego. 3. Freud equates moral conscience with the operation of the super-ego. 4. Freud's unconsciousness also play an important part in his analysis of the phenomenon of moral conscience. 5. The more a man lives up to his morality, the more he suffers from his moral conscience . My arguments are as follows ; 1. Freud's theory of the super-ego is not a correct account of the phenomenon of moral conscience. 2. Freud is not talking about moral conscience in his theory of the super-ego. 3. Freud often used moral terminology ambiguously to describe morality. 4. Freud's theory of the super-ego must be distinguished from the moral conscience.

"快樂은 計算될 수 있는가" : Bentham의 原理를 中心으로 focused on Bentham's Principle

皮世鎭 建國大學校 人文科學硏究所 1986 인문과학논총 Vol.18 No.-

No examination of Bentham would be complete unless it included what is called the hedonic calculus. This is the principle that pleasure and unpleasure can be measured in at least some kind of way. Bentham supposed that in practice, money formed a suitable measure of pleasure, and devotes a certain amount of consideration to this form of measurement. Bentham's concept of hedonic calculus is a logically coherent one, and that there is no valid logical ovjection to his constructing as he dces a calculus of pleasure to serve as a guide to action. Bentham was grossly optimistic about the practicability of using such a calculus with any approach to accuracy. But accurate measurement of pleasure must wait the discovery by psychologists of a physically measurable correlate of pleasure.

Bentham 과 Mill : focused on the concept of utility 공리 개념을 중심으로

피세진 建國大學校 人文科學硏究所 1988 인문과학논총 Vol.20 No.-

Mill's problem was a concept of utility substantially different from the orthodox Benthamite quantitative hedonism. Mill sought to overcome Bentham's limitation by enlarging the concept of utility. But Mill still agrees fundamentally with Bentham about moral theory. Mill and Bentham require methods of measuring the value of pleasures. Since pleasures and pains are the basic facts of their moral theories. Bentham's account provides for a more precise measure than Mill's. The comparision of Mill and Bentham is not that of black and white. The issue is the use of two different tools for measuring value-the felicific calculus versus the judgment of cultivated agents. Bentham's method is empirical, but his measures are private and individualistic. Mill's method incorporates value judgments but is built upon the employment of interpersonal standards.

최대다수의 최대행복의 의미

피세진 건국대학교 인문과학연구소 1990 인문과학논총 Vol.22 No.-

The greatest happiness to the greatest number of people is the theory known as utilitarianism, which was associated in history with Jeremy Bentham. The problem of utilitarianism arises from the conflicts between the egoistic hedonism and universalistic hedonism. The question is, therefore, how does Bentham propose to unite them. Bentham uses two arguments: the argument of the ideal identity of interests and the legislative argument. What did Bentham mean by happiness? Bentham nowhere attempts to define what the means by happiness. Sometimes he argues happiness is pleasure. What I aimed in this study is to define the menaing of happiness and the greatest happiness of the greatest number. In conclusion, the greatest number is the party whose interests is in question and the greatest happiness is the happiness of having economic wealth.

Jeremy Bentham의 심리학 연구 : 인간행위의 동기를 중심으로

피세진 건국대학교 인문과학연구소 1999 인문과학논총 Vol.32 No.-

Bentham's first principle is that nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. According to Bentham all individuals are inherently motivated to seek pleasure and to avoid pains. Bentham conceived that motives intimately related to given pains and pleasure. Bentham's main contribution to psychology were in the area of motivation. A Table of the Springs of Action is the most important motivational work of Jeremy Bentham. Bentham's major contemporary descendants in the field of psychology are psycho-analysis, decision theory and expectancy value theory. The historical significance of Jeremy Bentham's conception of human motives are great. But it is not satisfied in reaching the goal, psychological analysis of human motives. It is difficult task even today.