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楊人從 건국대학교 1981 論文集 Vol.13 No.1
There are many believable linguistic materials about Mandarin which were recorded in Korean alphabet, the Hangul. Since fifteenth century, the Korean began to record the north dialect of China, which had being spoken by many Chinese for a long time, and which has become a national language after. These materals were written sincerely and are better than any Contem- porary ones that recorded in other languages. In 1455, the Lee Dynasty translated the Hung Wu Cheng Yun (洪武正韻) to Hangul. The editors inquired Chinese Scholar and went to Peking, the capital of Ming Dynasty, to confirm the pronunciation for the sake of exactness. The translation included the correct (正音) and popular pronunciation (俗音). The later was rather interesting than former because it was similiar to modern Chinese. This article is based on the Translation of Hung Wu Cheng Yun and Sa Seong T'ong Hae (四聲通解) which was edited in the same way. Fifteenth century's Mandarin was very similiar to today's Shan Tung Dialect. The Consonant [k-][k'-] were in progress to palatalization by adding a semivowel [-I]. For example, 家 was pronounced as [ka] in ancient period and [kia] in lsc, and [t□ia] in modern. 甲 [kap]→[kia]→ [t□ia] etc. And voiced sound had devocalized to voiceless sound. Initial consonant [□], [?-] had being elided. Retroflex sound was both pronounced before [-I] and [□]. The ending consonant [-p], [-t], [-k] had elided a long time, the [-m] had become [-n] already. The complex vowels had being changed to simple vowels. The fifteenth century's Mandarin phonemic system is as follows. [I] Initials k, k', □, h t, t', n, l p, p', m, f, v ts, ts', s t□, t□, □, □ [II] Endings I, □, u, □, a iu, i□, ia, in, □ □i, □u, □n, □ □n ui, u□, ua, un, u□ ai, au, ao, an, a□ uao, uai, uan, ua□, u□n iai, iao, iei, ie□, iui, i□n, ia□, i□n, iun, iu□ iu□n, iui□
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韓國語 音韻이 韓國 漢字音變遷에 미친 影響 : Te root of Sino-Koreanh 韓國 漢字音의 뿌리를 찾아서
楊人從 건국대학교 1980 論文集 Vol.11 No.1
The modern Sino-Korean, of course, is now very different from the ancient Chinese, which had being used for thousand years by Korean. The changes happened in the Korean language itself, and the phonetic rules of the language, had influenced the Sino-Korean very much, as though English "borrowed" the words from Latin. French etc. and adapted it to her own phonemic system. There are three main rules Changed the Sino-Korean, thus as Ommission, Assimilation and Replacement. When aphoneme cannot be imitated completely, the learner rather abandon it. or replace it instead of similiar one, than exert himself. And then the ancient Chinese learned by Korean, according to her own phonemic system, some initials had been omnitled, e, g, z, ?, η (ㅿ. ㆆ. ㆁ,), and due to the rule of alliteration the [ㅣ-] and [n-] can't be prounced anteceded in a word. And some were replaced, for example, finol consonant [-t] by [-ㅣ], the labio-dental sound [f, f', v, m] by bi-labial sound [p, p', b' m], the dorsal sound [t, t', d,'] by apical sound [t, t', d'] the retroflex sound [t??, t??', dz', ??, z] by dental sontal sound [ts, ts', dz', s, z] etc. And the palatalization as well as the vowel simplification also ohanged the silo-korean.
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楊人從 건국대학교 1980 論文集 Vol.12 No.1
The Kuang Yun is one of the oldest ancient Chinese phonetic books and Minnan Dialect is a vernacular that reserves archaic words and pronunciation so that it is good to compare the two for searching ancient phonetic system. Here is the consonant system of Kuang Yun. Velar: k, k', g', ***** p. 52 Apical: t, t', d', n Dorsal: ***** Bi-labial: p, p', b', m Labial-dental: f, f', v, ***** Dental: ts, ts', dz', s, z Palato-alveolar: ***** Glottal: ***** Dorso-nasal lateral: l, r
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