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RISS 인기검색어
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- 저자 : ( Randy P. Schiff ) (검색결과 3 건)
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Economics of Otherness in Pearl: Fluidity and Identity
( Randy P. Schiff ) 한국영어영문학회 2017 영어 영문학 Vol.63 No.1
In the fourteenth-century Middle English poem Pearl, the narrator`s effort to ponder the singular nature of heavenly bliss is systematically undermined by economies of difference. While the object of the grieving narrator`s reflection has perennially inspired debate, all analysts recog nize that the poem`s structuring relationship is presented in terms of eco nomic competition: a jeweler-narrator judges the pearl as dearer than any other gem set for sale or gift to another. In the dream proper, the Pearl-poet channels spiritual debates grounded in the contrast between the dynamic multiplicity and fluidity of earthly economics with the static sin gularity of heavenly sublimity. The Pearl-poet deploys the Pearl-maiden as a spiritual authority who highlights the differentially distracted poet`s inability to hold fast to notions of oneness. The Pearl-poet generates a dream topography that mirrors the narrator`s limited perception: the jew eler imperfectly imagines the stable, because immaterial heaven upon which his economically destabilized eyes cannot focus. The multiple riv ers of the poem elucidate how explicit efforts to focus on a single lost Pearl are undermined by the ways multiplicity haunts the desiring dream er`s vision. The poet undermines the earth-heaven binary by toggling between a central river and multiple potential rivers, and thereby reflects on both the artistic nature of dreaming and the specificity of anxious Christian subjectivity. Such rivers are the internal dividing lines that reveal potential others for a dissociative, because earthly, mind that only imagines individuals within a fluid world of others.
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Sacred Woods, Spoiled City: Bourgeois Appropriation of Noble Capital in Chestre`s Launfal
( Randy P. Schiff ) 한국영어영문학회 2016 영어 영문학 Vol.62 No.3
Joining a number of recent class-based readings of Thomas Chestre’s Sir Launfal, the article links the tale’s populism with the poet’s use of aristocratic exceptionalist narrative to critique anti capitalist elitism. Working from his source, the anonymous Sir Landevale, Chestre accentuates his protagonist’s accrual of massive debt and links his courtly success directly with a credit economy. Chestre then highlights tensions between an older aristocracy and capitalist culture by introducing Launfal’s long, humiliating stay in a city where he is scorned for his poverty in a world led by the calculating, bourgeois Mayor, who was Launfal’s former servant. Chestre symbolically opposes this urban space with an idealized sylvan world, though Chestre ensures that Launfal incurs a final debt linked to chivalric culture before entering the forest where he meets his fairy benefactress. Tryamour’s gifts-limitless wealth to sustain his largess, and a horse and squire to allow Launfal to be respectable as warrior and mobile courtier-reveal Chestre’s clear understanding of chivalric symbolic capital. Chestre inserts another scene that sets bourgeois interests against aristocratic elitism when he has Launfal win an overdetermined duel in Lombardy, a region intimately associated with urbanized capitalism. Launfal’s unfair advantage in his victory against Valentyne underscores his status as a symbolic icon of a nostalgic chivalric world.
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The Spoils of Neo-Babylon: Widening the Lens of Empire and Re-Centering Modernity in Cleanness
( Randy P. Schiff ) 한국영어영문학회 2021 영어 영문학 Vol.67 No.2
Whereas some scholars argue that the medieval West saw Babylon as a cultural backwater with monstrous roots, the poet of the fourteenth-century Middle English poem Cleanness privileges the Neo-Babylonian Empire as it develops its historico-ethical agenda. Cleanness, an alliterative homily designed to promote ethical behavior by dwelling on filthy acts, is fundamentally divided into three exempla. The poet distances the third exemplum from the opening stories of the Flood and Sodom, by marking a clear transition from the misty and archaic world of Genesis to a more recognizably historical Neo-Babylonian setting for Belshazzar’s Feast. Whereas some scholars see a continuous parade of exempla equally censorious of unclean sinners, I argue that the final exemplum of the poem, by being both recognizably historical and geographically complex, makes Neo-Babylon the setting for the poem’s most salient study of human ethics. The geographical richness and historical verisimilitude that characterize the Neo-Babylon of Cleanness can also be seen by the poet’s use of a multi-ethnic Trojan War and diaspora to frame Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The Cleanness-Poet’s realistic depiction of Neo-Babylonian history strikingly situates the poem’s key ethical lesson in a non-Western setting. To portray the poem’s ultimate ethical test as a choice between being like Nebuchadnezzar or Belshazzar, the poet makes use of the tropes of the “righteous heathen” and the “homo sacer” to transform Nebuchadnezzar into a remarkable protagonist whose suffering can instruct audiences in clean behavior.
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