The Identity of the Second Generation Colonizers: Focused on Female Colonizers

( Hirose Reiko ) 한국여성사학회 2017 여성과 역사 Vol.0 No.27

本稿は植民地朝鮮で生を受け、そこを故鄕として育った女性植民者二世のアイデンティティについて考察したものである。 植民者としての小學校時代の生活は、日本人だけの生活圈に取り圍まれた世界であり、日本人小學校に通い、日本の敎育を受け、日本の食文化·風俗を導入し、彼女たちは構造的强者として暮らしていた。朝鮮人社會とは分離されており、他者の存在を疑問視することはなかった。女學校は內地と比較すると「開放的」な空間であり、レベルの高い敎育を受け、自我を育くむことができた。植民地的氣質というべきものである。日常生活では朝鮮人使用人を從屬者として目の當たりにし、疑問なくふるまっていた。朝鮮は故鄕であり、日本內地を外國のように感じていた。 帝國の崩壞は彼女たちに歸還を强いた。日本內地に歸還すると引揚げ者は差別され、他者として遇されることになる。敗戰で國家に裏切られ、歸還すると國家は守ってくれなかった。こうして彼女たちは「日本國家」や「日本人」への違和感を自覺していく。植民地的氣質は非難され同調壓力を受ける。こうした壓力のなかで、內地社會に同化しようとする者もあったが、「日本國家」「日本人」への違和感を持ち續けた者は、國家への批判的なまなざしを持ち、自らの植民地經驗をとらえ返すことになった。 In this paper, the author discusses the identity of the second generation female colonizers who were born and brought up in Korea under the colonial administration. As colonizers’ children who lived in a livelihood zone formed only by Japanese, these children went to the Japanese primary school in which they received the same education as in the mainland; they lived within strong cultural structures that maintained and nurtured Japanese food, culture and customs. The children lived in an environment thoroughly segregated from Korean society in which they were not encouraged to question the existence of others. In girls’ high schools in Korea, which were more open and freer than those in the mainland of Japan, they were able to receive high-level education, and nurture their self-confidence, which I term ‘colonizers’ disposition’. In everyday life, they lived with Korean household servants as their subordinates, and never doubted their own superior position. Korea was a home for them while they regarded the mainland of Japan as a foreign country. However, the collapse of the Japanese Empire forced these children to return home. After they had returned home they were discriminated against as repatriates, and regarded as alien. They were betrayed by the defeated state, and received no protection from the state even after their return to Japan. Based upon their bitter experience, they began to feel themselves out of place in relation to the ‘Japanese State’ and the ‘Japanese.’ They were accused of harboring a colonizers’ disposition, and a culture of conformism was imposed upon them. Facing this pressure, there were some that tried to completely adapt to the manners of the mainland society while others came to take a critical attitude towards the state by self-critically reflecting on their own colonizers’ experience.

朝鮮における女性植民者二世: 京城第一公立高等女學校生の經驗

廣瀨玲子 ( Reiko Hirose ) 이화사학연구소 2016 梨花史學硏究 Vol.0 No.53

In this paper, the author focuses on the colonial experiences of women who were brought up as a second generation of Japanese colonizers in Korea under the Japanese colonial administration in order to clarify what the colony was for them. The author considers the problem of the colonialism in terms of experiences of Japanese female colonizers who were born and lived there at the colonial period. This problem is closely related to the consideration of culture that surrounded them. Focusing on the narrative of informants, the following two issues on the women`s colonial experiences are made clear in this paper: The first issue refers to a problem: how colonialism was mentally internalized. In fact, most of them had a sense of their own superiority and no doubt about their status as colonizers. Their way of thinking and behavior was determined by such historical factors as (1) the segregated housing, (2) the existence of Korean domestic servants, (3) contempt of Korean culture, manners and customs, (4) forced use of Japanese language, (5) the order forced on Koreans to change their names to Japanese ones. As a background, the accomplished violence of Japanese colonial rule over Korea played a major role in making the rule invisible. The second issue refers to a problem: how the internalized colonialism began to waver and came to its dissolution or overcoming. In this paper, the modification of internalized colonialism is classified into the following six types: (1) some women found their way to resurgence, based upon complete self- negation, (2) some led a life full of internal conflicts, (3) some referred the colonial experience to the problem of social structure from an enhanced interest in politics, (4) some intuitively reflected on their own colonial experiences, (5) some had ambivalent feelings towards them but went not so far as to critically recognize themselves as colonizers, (6) some recollected their own colonial experiences as nostalgic memory. Under this historical constellation, some of the second- generation female Japanese colonizers who present self- reflective narrative on their own colonial experiences could play a significant role as effective objection to Japanese state and society that have not critically enough reflected on their own past of colonial rule over Korea. The author of this paper sets a hope on the existence of the second- generation female Japanese colonizers from the type (1) through (3).

대한제국기 일본 애국부인회의 탄생

히로세레이코 ( Hirose Reiko ) 한국여성사학회 2010 여성과 역사 Vol.- No.13

본 논문은 대한제국이 일본의 식민지로 전락한 시기에 탄생한 일본제국 애국부인회의 탄생과정과 활동을 밝히는 데에 목적이 있다. 일본 본국에서 군사원호단체로서 활발한 활동을 전개했던 애국부인회는 일본의 식민지였던 대만에 이어, 대한제국에서도 탄생하였다. 애국부인회가 어떤 경위에서 탄생했고, 어떠한 사명과 역할을 가지고, 구체적으로는 어떤 활동을 했는지에 대해 식민지 지배라고 하는 맥락에서 고찰하고자 한다. 최근 식민지 지배에 관한 책임논의가 활발하게 전개되고 있는데, 이와 관련하여 여성의 식민지 지배에 관한 책임을 밝히는 것은 중요한 과제이다. 대한제국기 애국부인회의 활동을 검토하는 것은 여성의 식민지 지배 논의에 대한 시작의 한 형태이다. 대한제국 시기의 애국부인회는 `한일 부인의 융화단체로서` 탄생했다. 그러나 현실에서는 항일의병투쟁 진압을 물심양면으로 지원하는 활동을 전개하였고, 여기에 한국의 부인도 포섭하여 동참시켰다. 즉, 식민지적 상황으로 인해 애국부인회의 구호 규칙이 개정된 것이다. 또한 일본의 식민지화에 저항하는 민심을 파악하기 위해, 환등ㆍ활동사진에 의한 위문ㆍ선전을 적극적으로 활용하여 회원을 확보하였다. 그리고 한국통감 伊藤博文이 연출한 황제순행(皇帝巡幸)을 지원했다. 이리하여 애국부인회는 한일합병을 진심으로 환영하였던 것이다. The objective of this study was to explore the birth and activities of the Women`s Patriotic Association, which was organized while the Daehan Empire was falling to a Japanese colony, limiting the scope to the time of Korea-Japan annexation. The Women`s Patriotic Association, which had been active as a military relief organization in Japan, was also born in the Daehan Empire following its birth in Taiwan colonized by Japan. This study examined the background of the birth of the Women`s Patriotic Association, its missions and roles, and its activities in the context of colonial rule. Recently discussions are being made actively on the responsibility for colonization. With regard to this issue, it is an important task to find who is responsible for women`s colonial rule. Examining the activities of the Women`s Patriotic Association during the period of the Daehan Empire is taking a step toward this task. In the period of the Daehan Empire, the Women`s Patriotic Association was born as `an organization for integration between Korean-Japanese women.` In reality, however, it waged activities for giving material and spiritual support to the suppression of anti-Japanese struggles by patriotic soldiers, and even involved Korean women in such activities. Such a colonial situation induced the association to amend its relief regulations. Moreover, in order to monitor people`s sentiment resisting the colonization of their country by Japan, the association attracted members through active consolation and propagation using slides and films. Furthermore, it supported the imperial tour directed by Resident-General of Korea Ito Hirobumi. In this way, the Women`s Patriotic Association welcomed Korea-Japan annexation wholeheartedly.