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Trade liberalization and Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan
( Muhammad Zakaria ),( Hasnain A. Naqvi ),( Bashir A. Fida ),( Syed Jawad Hussain ) 한양대학교 경제연구소 2014 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Vol.19 No.3
The paper studies the impact of trade liberalization on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan using quarterly data from 1972 to 2010. The findings suggest that there is a significant positive relation between trade liberalization and FDI. The results are robust under alternative trade liberalization measures and different model specifications. The results indicate that the factors that drive foreign investment have a differential impact on FDI flows to Pakistan. Specifically, human and physical capitals, capital return, infrastructure development, terms of trade and urbanization promote FDI in Pakistan. Foreign debt and inflation lead to deteriorating foreign investment in the country. Another important finding is that the effect of trade liberalization on FDI has been augmented after the inception of a flexible exchange rate system in Pakistan. However, this result is not robust to alternative equation specifications.
Banking Deregulations and Unemployment in South Asia
( Muhammad Zakaria ),( Rida Risalat ),( Bashir A. Fida ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소(구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2015 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.30 No.4
The paper empirically examines the effects of banking deregulations on overall and youth unemployment rates in South Asian countries using panel data for the period 1991 to 2005. The results show that banking deregulations have decreased the youth unemployment rate in the region. The results also reveal that high consumption level, per capita income and bank credit have reduced the unemployment rate, while bank crisis and high wage rate have increased the unemployment rate in the region. The results suggest that banking liberalization may help to reduce unemployment particularly youth unemployment in South Asian countries.