http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Firms around the World during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Andreas Waldkirch 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2021 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.36 No.1
This study uses the COVID-19 follow-up surveys to the World Bank s Enterprise Surveys (ES) to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on firms around the world. The surveyed countries are selected from those in which the regular ES was recently conducted. This study finds that the pandemic’s impact has been swift, large, and heterogeneous. The pandemic’s negative effects on exports are greater than those on domestic sales and are also greater for foreign-owned firms that rely more on global value chains. The pandemic’s effects are very heterogeneous across countries and sectors.
The ‘New Regionalism’: Integration as a Commitment Device for Developing Countries
( Andreas Waldkirch ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2006 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.21 No.2
Increasingly, developing countries embrace foreign direct investment (FDI) and simultaneously pursue economic integration with developed countries. Foreign investment is subject to sovereign risk and free trade agreements may serve as a commitment mechanism in order to achieve higher sustainable levels of FDI. This paper shows that such agreements, by inducing sunk investments in expanding export sectors, can indeed increase the level of self-enforcing FDI. While one might expect FDI from any source to increase, the analysis shows that this need not be true for FDI originating in non-partner countries even though exportplatform type FDI will rise. The reason is the offsetting effect from trade diversion, which diminishes the ability to retaliate should a host country renege on its ex ante commitment to a foreign investor. The choice of partner is thus crucial for a country`s ability to attract FDI through economic integration.
Relative Factor Abundance and FDI Factor Intensity in Developed Countries
Alfons Palangkaraya,Andreas Waldkirch 한국국제경제학회 2008 International Economic Journal Vol.22 No.4
This study looks at the link between the patterns of trade revealed comparative advantage and net inward foreign direct investment in five developed countries: the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy. It thus extends earlier work by Maskus and Webster (1995) who analyzed two countries, the United Kingdom and South Korea. Despite assertions in the literature that market access is the primary motive for foreign direct investment flows among developed countries, this study shows that there is a significant role for comparative advantage in determining inflows of foreign direct investment in developed countries, especially in the services industry.