Student characteristics and organizational differences as they relate to transfer

Sheldon, Caroline Quirion University of California, Los Angeles 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

This study draws from the social reproduction theory of Pierre Bourdieu, in particular Bourdieu's concept of habitus, in an attempt to uncover the means by which California community college students are channeled into particular transfer destinations, specifically, the California State University, the University of California, and four-year for-profit universities such as the University of Phoenix. Bourdieu's concept of habitus, operationalized in this study as ascribed characteristics of students, such as ethnicity, class, and gender, and organizational qualities of the community college, such as transfer rates, percentages of students receiving need-based aid and requiring remedial coursework, were examined in an effort to discern the effects of social background characteristics, academic experiences, and institutional effects in the transfer process. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to ascertain the predictive value and relative strength of each of the variables in the model. In addition, the relative risk ratios for three distinct contrasts were estimated. The risk ratios associated with the set of social, academic, and organizational qualities on transfer to the CSU were compared with those associated with transfer to the University of California and for-profit universities. Predicted probabilities, based upon ethnicity and financial need, of attending the most selective institution (i.e. the University of California) were also calculated. This procedure allowed for certain characteristics, such as full or part-time attendance or academic area of emphasis, to be held constant thus illuminating the effects of such variables as race, gender, and the transfer rate of the community college. For the total population of community college students, social background, academic experiences, and organizational characteristics had predictive effects on the transfer outcome. Specifically, the strongest predictors of transfer to the University of California were GPA, being Asian, and the transfer rate of the community college. Age exerted the strongest negative effect on transfer to the University of California. The strongest predictors of transfer to the for-profit segment were age, part-time attendance at the community college, being African American, and male. GPA exerted the strongest negative effect relative to the other predictors on transfer to the for-profit segment. For the total population of community college students, Asian males and females had the highest predicted probabilities of transfer to the UC while African American males and females had the highest predicted probabilities of transfer to the for-profit segment. For the traditional group of community college students, Asian males and females had the highest predicted probabilities of transfer to the University of California and Latino males and females had higher predicted probabilities of transfer to the University of California than white students. For the entire population of community college students, the transfer rate of the community college had no impact on the predicted probabilities of transfer to particular institutions; however, consistent with previous community college research, for the traditional subset of community college students, the transfer rate of the community college exerted a positive effect on transfer. Specifically, the predicted probability of transfer to the University of California was higher when students were enrolled at community colleges with higher transfer rates.

"Of the community, for the community": The Chicana/o student movement in California's public higher education, 1967-1973

Moreno, Marisol University of California, Santa Barbara 2009 해외공개박사

This study examines the Chicana/o student movement in Southern California colleges from 1967 to 1973. Using oral histories, movement newspapers, university archives, and government documents, I argue that Chicana/o student activists centered their organizational identities, activities, and goals on servicing the Mexican American community. Given the diminutive presence of Mexican Americans in higher education, student activists tapped into the social networks and resources, the collective identity, the ideology, and the tactics and strategies of the Chicano Movement to launch a Chicana/o student movement for educational equity. Using a case study approach, the dissertation focuses on four campuses, East Los Angeles College, the University of California, Santa Barbara, the University of California, San Diego, and California State College, Long Beach to examine how students created organizations; participated in multi-ethnic coalitions; mobilized and affirmed non-white racial and gendered identities; and engaged in protest politics. This work reveals that in the course of participating in barrio and campus struggles, students build a sense of community, which in turn helped to develop and sustain the Chicano Movement's solidarity and collective action over a period of time. The intent of this study is to demonstrate the critical role of Chicana/o student activism in the Chicano Movement and California student movement. In addition to providing a voice for their barrios, Chicana/o student activists pressured state colleges and universities to act and expand on the 1960 Master Plan of Higher Education's mandate to service all segments of California's communities. Despite the Chicana/o student movement's inability to sustain its political momentum and to actualize all of its goals, it yielded significant institutional and cultural changes, among which include the creation of Chicana/o Studies departments and curricula; an increased enrollment of Mexican Americans and other Latina/os into higher education; and the production of a generation of professionals and leaders infused with an ethos of social justice and community service.

Management of End-Of-Life Electronic Products within Environmental Benign Manufacturing Framework : Analysis of Infrastructure, Cost, Materials Flow, and Decision-Making

강해용 University of California 2005 해외박사

본 연구의 목적은 폐전자제품이 환경에 미치는 실제적인 영향과 재활용의 기반시설 등에 관하여 친환경적인 관점에서 비교 분석하여 보다 나은 폐전자제품의 처리 방향을 모색하는데 있다. 전자제품의 유효 평균수명은 감소추세에 있으며 그 속도는 증가하고 있다. 따라서 이들을 처리하기위해서 새로운 방법이 모색 되어져야 하며 그중의 한 방법이 재횔용이다. 본 논문은 폐가전제품의 현 상태를 종합적으로 분석하고, technical cost modeling을 통하여 재활용 산업의 경제적인 모델을 제공하고, materials flow analysis를 이용하여 미래에 발생할 폐전자제품의 양을 예측하고, 오염방지를 위한 법규의 제정에 있어서 의사결정 모델을 제공한다. 폐전자제품의 종합적인 분석을 위하여서는 기존의 재활용 프로그램과 관련되는 각각의 주체들의 역활과 재활용 기술들을 연구하였다. 재활용 비율을 늘리기 위해서는 지속적인 폐전자제품의 공급이 중요하며 효과적인 분리기술, 친환경적인 제품설계, 그리고 분리된 물질 및 부품의 원활한 판로의 확보가 선결과제임을 보여 준다. Technical cost modeling을 통하여 재활용 산업의 수입과 지출 구조를 확인하고 재활용 산업의 활성화를 위한 경제적인 수익 모델을 제공하였고 또한 모델을 sensitivity analysis을 통하여 검증하였다. Materials flow analysis 결과 output 패턴과 그 양은 input 과 단순한 일차함수의 관계가 아님을 보여주며 소비자의 행동양식이output 패턴과 그 양을 결정하는데 가장 중요한 요소로 작용함을 보여준다. 또한Technical cost modeling 과 Materials flow analysis의 조합을 통하여 미래에 필요한 전자제품의 재활용 기반시설, 즉 필요한 자본 투자의 양과 필요한 처리시설의 양을 예측하는 tool을 제공하였다. 전자산업의 유독물질 사용과 그 규제에관한 실제를 비교 분석하였고 의사결정 방법인Analytic hierarchy process을 이용하여 그 결과를 판정하는 tool을 제공하였다. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the status of end-of-life (EOL) electronic products, recycling infrastructure, and efforts in practice to decrease the environmental impact from EOL electronic products, within the boundary of Environmentally Benign Manufacturing (EBM). Since the 1980’s, with the development of consumer-oriented electrical and electronic technologies, countless units of electronic equipment have been sold to consumers. The useful life of these consumer electronic devices (CEDs) is relatively short, and decreasing as a result of rapid changes in equipment features and capabilities. This creates a large waste stream of obsolete electronic equipment. The conventional treatment method for this waste is disposal in landfills but because of increasing concern about environmental quality, diverted waste treatment methods are desired. One aspect of the strategy should include recycling and reuse of EOL electronic products. In this thesis, I provide a comprehensive approach to evaluating the status of EOL electronic products, an economic model for EOL e-waste recycling, an analytical model to guide future infrastructure needs, and a quantitative tool for pollution prevention policy decision-making. For the comprehensive evaluation of EOL electronic products, existing recycling programs, the roles of each stakeholder in e-waste recycling, and technologies are identified. The results show that to increase the recycling rate a steady supply of collected materials is needed, as well as effective sorting techniques, proper incorporation of Design for the Environment in early product design, and valued secondary markets for recycled goods. In particular, the development of effective collection programs is necessary. Technical cost modeling (TCM) results provide guidance to the recycling industry on how to maximize revenue and ensure the robust economic viability of e-waste Materials Recycling Facilities. Revenue sources with higher profit-efficiency ratios are an example. Also, process automation is demonstrated to be a major hurdle to overcome because of the high labor cost in the recycling industry combined with the randomness factor associated with the input stream. The sensitivity of the cost model results to key assumptions is investigated through the use of sensitivity analysis. The results of the materials flow analysis (MFA) indicate that the pattern of outflow and the amount do not simply depend on the inflow pattern and amount, which is different than general MFA analysis for most other products. Also, the behavior of consumers, especially of the first user, is the most critical factor that determines the outflow of personal computer systems at the EOL stage. The combination of TCM and MFA provide a tool for estimating the infrastructure needed to treat future e-waste, such as the number of treatment facilities and the total capital investment needed. It is shown that, in the time period 1992 to 2003, the State of California electronic and electrical industries decreased the amount of toxic waste they generated. However, during the same time period, the size of these industries increased 3-fold in California. The results of the Analytic Hierarchy Process decision-making study indicate that the current toxic waste treatment methods practiced in the electronic and electrical industries in California are sound relative to their ability to protect pubic health and the environment.

The development of intensive foraging systems in northwestern California

Tushingham, Shannon University of California, Davis 2009 해외공개박사

Salmon figures prominently in the anthropological literature as providing the economic foundation of many north Pacific hunter-gatherer social institutions. In California, acorns play a similar role. Although the central role of these dietary staples is attested to in northwestern California ethnography, how and why this may have differed in the past is poorly understood. This dissertation research asks, when and why do intensive foraging systems focused on salmon fishing and acorn processing emerge in northwestern California, what is the temporal trajectory of this development, and how do these events relate to the development of similar systems in other areas of the Pacific Northwest Coast and California? The study was designed to test the Migration and Pilot Ridge Models, which make specific predictions concerning the appearance of intensive foraging systems in the region. Resolution of these models has been impeded by the fact that most regional studies have focused on coastal or upland sites. Research is based in Tolowa ancestral territory, in the extreme northwestern corner of California, and includes (1) archival research and ethnographic interviews conducted with Tolowa consultants, which document previously unknown details about aboriginal land use of the Smith River Basin and show that historic groups persisted in pursuing traditional lifeways despite extreme population decline and displacement due to horrific massacres, disease, forced removals, and a disintegrating traditional economy, and (2) archaeological excavations, which document over 8000 years of human occupation at five sites along the Smith River in the Redwood Belt of northwestern California. Excavations revealed the longest chronological sequence, the earliest plank houses and the only semi-subterranean sweathouse recorded in northwestern California. Four chronological components are defined, with distinct assemblages, features, and patterns of raw material use and procurement. The dissertation includes an examination of data relating to subsistence (faunal and archaeobotanical analyses, site structure and assemblage correlates) and settlement and mobility (lithic reduction strategies, obsidian distribution patterns). An increase in the use of the lowland river basin is detected after 5000 cal BP. Acorn processing was important, and residential stability increased, particularly after 3100 cal BP. However, evidence for several key foraging strategies are absent until cal 1250 BP when the rise of linear plank house villages is documented, including logistical pursuit of resources, mass extractive methods, and large scale storage. The restructuring of long distance exchange relationships was clearly related to the developing insularity of social groups and increased sedentism characteristic of the time. Intensive foraging strategies developed and spread quickly throughout the region due to the competitive advantage of sedentary groups laying claim to productive resource patches. As foragers seem to have chosen to intensify acorns before salmon, a reexamination of the assumed costs and benefits of these staples is offered. The unique trajectory of intensification in northwestern California is shown to have been influenced by the tradition of small groups and emphasis on less risky plant foods, which were probably viewed as privately owned goods. The system was small, efficient, and highly resistant to freeloaders and top down labor demands. The northwestern California system achieved population densities and levels of affluence rivaling those of the classic Pacific Northwest, but more cheaply, without the costly and burdensome sociopolitical organization that mobilized intensive production there. Clearly, organizational complexity is not a necessary prerequisite for hunter-gatherer intensification.

On the importance of plant phenology and resource use in the invasion of California coastal grasslands

Abraham, Joel Kwamena University of California, Berkeley 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

California coastal grasslands are characterized by pronounced temporal and spatial variation in water, light, and nitrogen availability. Changes in the availability of these resources affect both native and non-native species, and may influence the outcome of their interactions. My research explored the relationships between resource availability and plant phenological traits in a series of field surveys and controlled experiments. I first compared the response of native and exotic perennial grasses to competition with exotic annual grasses, across two levels of resource availability. Nitrogen enrichment and rapid exotic annual grass emergence increased the strength of the negative effects of exotic annual grasses on perennial grasses. However, the exotic perennial grass, Holcus lanatus, was less heavily impacted than were the native perennials, Nassella pulchra and Festuca rubra. In another study, I found that life history differences between exotic annual and native perennial grasses affect winter light availability. The relatively greater light suppression by native perennial grasses likely limits colonization by the European perennial herb, Foeniculum vulgare. Together, these studies highlight interactions between resource availability and plant phenology in California coastal grassland species, and the role those interactions play in invasion processes. To further explore Foeniculum invasion patterns, I compared trait expression of Mediterranean and California populations in natural field and experimental common environment settings. California Foeniculum populations had larger individuals, with larger seeds, than did Mediterranean populations. When grown together, California and Mediterranean Foeniculum were similar in size, survivorship, percent germination, and specific leaf area (SLA). However, California Foeniculum had higher water-use efficiency (WUE) than did Mediterranean plants. I also recorded individual and population-level responses of Foeniculum to seasonal and latitudinal changes in water availability in California. Foeniculum partially escapes drought stress by accessing deeper soil water and reducing water loss through leaf senescence. I found no change in WUE or SLA across seasons, or evidence of latitudinal clines in either trait, but found a positive correlation between water availability and Foeniculum seed mass. Continued study of invasive species trait variation between and within their native and introduced ranges will help identify the factors that allow and limit species success.

Beacons of hope and success provide college access lessons: Portraits of Mexican American students' university preparation and life histories

Andalon, Richard University of California, Los Angeles 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Mexican Americans attend universities at disproportionately low rates. While much research identifies risk factors that impede Mexican Americans' access to higher education institutions, very few qualitative investigations exist documenting the factors that facilitate their successful preparation for universities. This study helps fill such gap. This in-depth qualitative study probes both risk and success factors in examining the college preparation and life histories generally of low socioeconomic Mexican American students who beat the odds and matriculate to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In reflecting on their journeys to this premier public university, the resilient college students in this study eloquently and vividly share their inspiring stories. Reflecting the diversity of the Mexican American community, this study includes the perspectives of American-born citizens, recent immigrants, students with upbringings in two-parent and single-parent households, and students with different college preparatory experiences, including those matriculating to the university upon high school graduation and those entering the university after completing community college transferable coursework. Five male and five female students participate in this study. The data come from personal interviews with students and from a focus group session with students. Grounded theory and a literature-based conceptual framework are the data analysis methods that help identify and shape the categories, influences, and themes of this study. Using portraiture, portraits convey the findings of this study. The students in this study speak of the people, programs, and psychosocial dynamics that influence their university preparation, providing both positive and negative accounts under each category. Regarding the people, students highlight parents, teachers, counselors, peers, and siblings. Students report on both academic and non-academic programs, including involvement in distinct curricula, outreach initiatives, and extracurricular activities. Concerning the psychosocial dynamics, students reveal their self-concepts, mention feeling a need to prove themselves, and share how they rely on faith and spirituality. The findings of this study can inform educators, researchers, and policymakers seeking to understand the salient factors and life conditions influencing the university preparation of low socioeconomic Mexican American students. Broadly, the findings can inform educational programs aimed at promoting the academic achievement and college-going rates of low socioeconomic Mexican American and other disadvantaged students.

College Readiness in California High Schools: Access, Opportunities, Guidance, and Barriers

Smoot, Shanda L University of Southern California 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation explores California's current A-G requirements and investigates whether or not students are more college ready now than they were in previous years. This study also investigates whether or not students have adequate opportunities to access the rigorous coursework in an urban high school largely populated by minority students. The purpose of this study was to explore if students are provided with the information necessary to make informed decisions that may lead to fulfillment of the requirements and for eligibility into either the California State University or University of California college system. This study focused on student college readiness from 1994-2012 to see if California was graduating students from high school that were college ready through exploring course taking patterns, reviewing student characteristic data, and looking at college readiness as defined by the number of students eligible to attend a California State University or University of California school. Findings from this study indicate that while there have been improvements in the overall college readiness of students the gains are slight. The findings also show that African American students are falling behind Caucasian students with regard to college readiness.

New Ranchers, New Possibilities: First-generation Ranchers in California

Munden-Dixon, Katherine University of California, Davis ProQuest Dissertat 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation examines the impacts of demographic and climatic transitions occurring in California agriculture, with a specific focus on first-generation ranchers (FGRs). Through the use of three interrelated articles that span two phases of research, I examine the operation characteristics, management strategies, and innovations FGRs are using to enter California's socio-ecological context. The introduction explores my intellectual journey as I developed this research project in the absence of established literature and data on first-generation ranchers in California. The first chapter presents findings from the first phase of my research through the use of a socioecological framework to compare the operations, demographics and values of FGRs and multi-generation ranchers (MGRs) in California. Based on a quantitative analysis of a rangeland decision-making survey, my coauthors and I find that FGRs in California are more susceptible to drought and underserved by organizations when compared to their multigenerational counterparts. We conclude with a call for outreach organizations and researchers to evaluate reasons for FGRs' drought vulnerability and information needs. In the second chapter I present overall findings from the second phase of my research on FGRs' demographics, operation characteristics, and information use. Using a combination of surveys and semi-structured interviews of California FGRs, I find that these new ranchers tend to be younger and more likely to be female than the average agricultural producer in California. In place of primarily commodity beef cattle production, FGRs are instead engaging in targeted and contract grazing, diversified income streams, directly marketed meat production inclusive of diverse species, and working for established ranches. The economic barriers to entering cattle ranching combined with FGRs' socioecological motivations to raise livestock are overlapping drivers for FGRs using non-University of California information and the lack of new beef cattle ranchers. In the third chapter, I explore how the subjectivities of ecosystem stewards, a large subset of FGRs from the second phase of research, are co-created by the political ecology of California's heterogenous context. FGR ecosystem stewards are motivated to enter livestock production to create meaningful lives and mitigate climate change through grazing cattle, sheep, and goats. They are experimenting with strategies that have the potential to address pressing public issues including fire mitigation, soil carbon sequestration, and habitat restoration. However, I find that this marginal group of ranchers are not receiving appropriate support from public universities or rancher support organizations in part because they are using a different paradigm than the majority of ranching in California. In the conclusion I propose interdisciplinary research trajectories around the democratic creation of equitable and regenerative livestock systems in order to answer the following questions: 1) Does contract and targeted grazing for ecological goals allow new and diverse demographics of ranchers satisfactory livelihoods while providing ecological benefits? and, 2) How should multifunctional land policies and policy interventions that are inclusive and equitable for ranchers be developed, implemented, and enforced?.

Quicksilver landscapes: Space, power, and ethnicity in the mercury mining industry in California and the West, 1845--1900

Johnston, Andrew Scott University of California, Berkeley 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation is a history of the forces that shaped the quicksilver (mercury) mining industry within the context of the development of California and the West. It explores the reciprocal relationship between the spaces of the quicksilver industry and the social groups and individuals that lived in and struggled over them at three scales: the global scale of the flows of capital, technology, people, and mercury; the regional scale of the industry in California and the West; and the local scale of towns and mining camps. It does this through a combination of sources ranging from mine company documents and census records through the physical remains of mining sites. Historically mercury has been very important because to control mercury was to control bullion production; in the second half of the nineteenth century, the mercury mines of California and the West produced half the world's supply of mercury. Mercury mines and mining camps were highly organized by racial and ethnic hierarchies, and in this way mercury mining was very different than other types of metal mining in the American West. Mercury mines were capital intensive to develop due to geology, and mercury, which had little value in and of itself, was only valuable as a tool to power over bullion production, another capital intensive project. Work, and the spaces of work and daily life, at the mercury mines and camps of the American West were organized to define and exploit racial hierarchies in developing California. This dissertation has five chapters that build on one another to tell the story of the mercury mining industry in California. Chapter One explores the global history of the production of and trade in mercury. Chapter Two explores how the mercury industry in California constituted an important break from earlier eras because the trade was not controlled by a single state entity, but rather by multiple competing capitalists. Chapter Three considers the geology and geography of the industry, on the regional scale, arguing for the importance of a range of social, cultural, economic, and technical factors as well as the location of cinnabar deposits. Chapters Four and Five describe how the hierarchical organization of social groups in California based on race and ethnicity were made material by spaces of work and daily life at the quicksilver mines.

A case study of internationalization in a Japanese university: Organizational change and communication

Kitahara, Kenzo University of California, Los Angeles 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

This research is to investigate what is internationalization for a Japanese university, how a Japanese university deals with internationalization as an environment change, and why it is difficult for a Japanese university to internationalize its organization. In 1970s international organization, UNESCO, began to investigate Japanese higher education, and recommended the Government to improve its closed system of higher education. Since then Japanese universities made a effort to internationalize their organizations but it cannot be said as being successful. Specifically, it was hard for Japanese universities to promote academic interchange with foreign institutions. It is much more difficult for Japanese institutions to employ foreign faculty and to use English as an official language. This research takes a case study with naturalistic view, and Waseda university was chosen as a field-site. Waseda University attempted to internationalize its organization, and for that reason President and his Executive Board planned to establish a new graduate school which name was Graduate School of Asian Pacific Studies (GSAPS) with International Relations Specialty and International Management Specialty. This case study focuses on communication in the process of establishing GSAPS. There were many conflicts between President and other political powers such as undergraduate departments called “gakubu” which has strong power based on undergraduate department autonomy authorized by the School Education Law. Even a graduate school is controlled by an undergraduate department in Japanese universities. In Waseda University each undergraduate department controlled vertically each graduate school such as Law, Commerce, Political Science and Economy, Literature, Education, Social Sciences, Human Sciences, and Science and Engineering. Each department faculty autonomy protect its status quo interest from changing its organization. President does not have authoritative decision-making power and thus has to request agreement to each undergraduate department. The characteristics of such departments was closed circle which consists of Waseda alumni faculty, besides almost male one. This structure can be said as one of main factor that a Japanese university cannot easily change its organization and system according to change of outer environment. In other words, internationalization is a process of changing closed system to open system for a Japanese university.