The Influence of Lithology on the Forms of Hillslopes and Drainage Basins in Soil Mantled Landscapes

Johnstone, Samuel Adam ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Stanford Universit 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

Effects of resource availability on sex allocation in herbivores

Johnstone-Yellin, Tamara Lee Washington State University 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

For well over a century, ecologists have attempted to understand the evolutionary pressures shaping the allocation of resources to offspring of different sexes but support for competing theories remains inconclusive overall. Most empirical studies with mammals have been performed on free-ranging animals where researchers are unable to control environments or to trace the line of individuals over multiple years. At Washington State University and Starkey Experimental Forest and Range in Oregon, we set up nutritional trials to test the effects of body mass, body condition, and diet on the birth sex ratios of two species of polygynous mammals: mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus elaphus). Despite carefully controlling and measuring nutritional resources, we found little evidence that forage quality or body fat near breeding influences birth sex ratio (BSR) of female mule deer and elk, or the probability that a neonatal elk or mule deer would be a certain sex. However, in our sample of 76 mule deer fawns, we found that digestible protein intake influenced the probability of having a male fawn. Similarly, although BSR of females treated with GC was absolutely higher than those treated with a placebo (0.71 vs. 0.50), BSR were not statistically different and corticosteroid treatment did not predict the sex of a fawn. In addition to analyzing the preexisting data, we used another herbivore, Grammia nevadensis, to test how growth rate, population density and diet affect sex ratio of offspring. We used high protein, low fiber kale and a low protein, high fiber pelleted diet to explore how these various diets affect other life-history traits of G. nevadensis. Despite the benefits of using G. nevadensis as a model species to test sex allocation hypotheses, we found little evidence that forage quality, average number of days till pupation or average number of days to emergence affected population sex ratios. Forage quality did, however, affect growth rates and the average number of days till pupation or emergence. Our results illustrate the difficulties in testing evolutionary hypotheses such as TWH in wild ungulates and herbivores in general.

Found in Translation: Characterizing the Prevalence, Translation, and Regulatory Potential of Small Open Reading Frames in Vertebrates

Johnstone, Timothy George Yale University 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

Identification of the coding elements in the genome is a fundamental step toward understanding the building blocks of living systems. While much effort has been put toward characterizing classical long proteins in development and disease, there is a vast, unexplored landscape of small open reading frames (smORFs) throughout the transcriptome that potentially encode functional peptide products. Small open reading frames can also be found upstream of known proteins in the leader sequences of protein-coding mRNAs. These upstream ORFs (uORFs) have been studied for their regulatory potential in the context of individual genes, but the function and translation status of the vast majority of uORFs was unknown. In this work, I combine ribosome profiling and computational analysis to elucidate the extent and role of small ORF translation in lincRNAs and transcript leader sequences across vertebrate species. Refinement of the ribosome profiling protocol yielded individual nucleotide resolution of ribosome-protected fragments after size-selection. I developed an algorithm called ORFScore, which takes advantage of the trinucleotide periodicity of these footprints to classify translated ORFs transcriptome-wide. This method was first applied to previously annotated coding mRNAs, identifying the canonical CDS with >99% specificity. Application of ORFScore to predicted lincRNA transcripts in zebrafish and human exposed several hundred translated small ORFs, bringing the non-coding status of these transcripts into question. The analysis also identified translated small ORFs in known protein-coding mRNAs. Mass spectrometry experiments validated a subset of these ORFs, and a complementary conservation-based approach identified a subset of conserved, translated smORFs for further functional study. Together, these results identified a previously unexplored class of potential small peptides with implications for lincRNA translation and regulation. Outside of lincRNAs, the majority of non-canonical translation detected by ORFScore occurred in the transcript leader sequences (TLSs, S'UTRs) of protein-coding genes. Sequence analysis showed that upstream ORFs are highly prevalent across human, mouse, and zebrafish, and ribosome profiling data in zebrafish provided evidence that a majority of uORFs are translated at some level. Though most uORFs are not conserved at the level of peptide sequence, transcriptome-wide investigation revealed a broad repressive effect of uORFs on both translation and steady-state mRNA levels across vertebrate species. Sequence analysis showed this repression to be dependent on features such as CDS overlap and uORF density, an effect confirmed by reporter experiments in vivo. The features determining repressiveness show evidence of selection, indicating that evolution has favored uORFs amenable to regulation over constitutively repressive uORFs and overlapping ORFs. These results provide insight into the regulatory capacity of transcript leader sequences and their potent capacity to modulate gene expression across vertebrates.

The promise and peril of national educational policy implementation: A multi-method case study of inclusive education in Lesotho

Johnstone, Christopher Joseph University of Minnesota 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

This study investigated the extent to which central ministry policy initiatives result in large-scale educational change at the classroom level in developing countries. Specifically, this issue was investigated through a case study of Lesotho's policy of inclusive education for students with disabilities. The study employed a multi-method approach that included interviews with ministry-level staff, questionnaires for teachers, and classroom observations. Fullan's theory of educational change (2001) was used as a framework to determine if schools had begun to implement change as a result of policy initiatives. Results indicated that implementation was uneven. Teachers had positive attitudes toward students with disabilities but did not make the pedagogical shifts necessary to provide academic access for those students. Where implementation occurred, teacher knowledge and skills were the best predictor of change (i.e., the more knowledgeable and skilled teachers were, the more likely they were to implement policy). In all schools, however, monitoring and incentive structures were inconsistent or nonexistent. Based on the findings, a model of national policy implementation is proposed. This model posits that both deep pedagogical shifts (among teachers) as well as broad geographical reach (across schools) are necessary for policy initiatives to be sustainably implemented.

Balancing acts: Assessing international influences on ethnic minority policy in post-communist Slovakia and Ukraine

Johnstone, Kari Anne University of California, Berkeley 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

This study examines the policy process in two post-communist states, to assess the domestic and international influences on those governments' policies toward their ethnic minorities. The dissertation finds that the leaders of those governments often seek a delicate balance between their personal interests and the goal of nation-state-building, on the domestic level, and pressure from other governments and international organizations, on the international level. Employing qualitative, comparative methods and process tracing, the study examines the policy process regarding ethnic minorities in Ukraine and Slovakia, focusing on language as the central issue. It assesses the influence of external actors through both multilateral and bilateral relations---the Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, European Union, and neighboring kin-states---and their use of three strategies for influence: carrots and sticks, image-casting, and normative persuasion. The overall trajectories of minority policy during the 1990s differentiate Ukraine and Slovakia from each other. Policies of the Ukrainian government have been more tolerant of ethnic minorities and have offered broader protections of their rights than did policies of the Slovak government. Both states saw an evolution of minority policy over the first decade of independence, but the movement was in opposite directions. In the late 1990s, Slovak leaders adopted a more conciliatory stance toward minorities, while Ukraine saw a subtle shift in the linguistic rights of minorities as officials sought to promote the state language at the expense of Russian. This study demonstrates how domestic politics and elite interests filter the influences of external actors on the policy process. Those seeking to shape more tolerant minority policies must find the areas of leverage and the strategies most likely to work in a given situation. Overall, multilateral actors have been more successful in shaping the minority policy process and outcomes than neighboring kin-states seeking to protect their diasporas' rights. All external actors have most effectively influenced Slovakia's and Ukraine's treatment of their minorities when using material and ideal incentives, rather than varieties of coercion. Carrots beat sticks; positive material incentives, praise, and active engagement have been more successful than coercion and image-tarnishing as means of influence.

Tripartition and the rule of the soul in Plato's "Republic"

Johnstone, Mark A Princeton University 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

In this dissertation, I am concerned with an influential view of human psychology advanced by the character Socrates in Plato's Republic. According to this view, the embodied human soul, conceived as the source of human agency, consists of three parts, conventionally translated as "reason," "spirit," and "appetite." Although every soul has all three parts, the souls of different people can be "ruled" in an enduring way by different parts, a condition that in some way determines the kind of person they are. The idea that different people are ruled in an enduring way by different parts of their souls is enormously important to the psychological theory of the Republic as a whole and to the moral and political views it underpins. However, this idea has not been well understood in the literature. In this dissertation, I offer an account of what the notion of psychic rule---the rule over the whole soul by one of its parts---amounts to, as it is employed in the Republic. I also examine the question of how, according to the picture presented in this dialogue, each person first comes to be ruled by a given soul part. I show how my conclusions accord with, and in many cases help to explain, a wide range of texts in the Republic (and occasionally in other dialogues), especially a large number of frequently neglected passages in Republic Books 8 and 9. Finally, I conclude by highlighting some areas in which my account of the notion of psychic rule in the Republic may have further implications for our understanding of Plato's broader moral and political ideas.

United States direct investment in France : an investigation of the French charges

Johnstone, Allan W M.I.T. Press 1965 해외박사

The Influence of Shell Structure on Near-Barrier Fusion of Neutron-Rich Nuclei

Johnstone, James Edgar ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Indiana University 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

Understanding neutron-rich nuclear material is a topic at the forefront of physics research and has far-reaching implications for many areas of nuclear science including nuclear astrophysics, heavy-element nucleosynthesis, and the nuclear equation-of-state. Fusion studies are a unique tool for gaining access to an understanding of the nucleus far from stability. Systematic fusion measurements along isotopic chains have provided insight into how nuclear structure and dynamics change with increasing neutron number. Building on previous studies, the near-barrier fusion cross-sections for$. {41,45}$K,$. {36,44}$Ar+$. {16}$O,$. {28}$Si were measured using an energy vs time-of-flight approach. The measurements were conducted at Michigan State University's National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory using the ReA3 facility. The measurements explored the behavior of fusion for both closed neutron-shell nuclei as well as open neutron-shell nuclei. The measured fusion excitation functions were compared to theoretical models showing the importance of both accurate density distributions and dynamics in fusion.As part of this experimental effort, high-quality $. {28}$Si targets with reduced oxygen content were also produced. Fabrication of these isotopically enriched, self-supporting targets is detailed. These thin foils were characterized using a quartz crystal monitor, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Rutherford back-scattering. In preparation for future experiments near the neutron dripline, a new detector for measuring fusion was developed. The detector, MuSIC Indiana, was designed and constructed with several unique features which allow for accurate and efficient measurement of the fusion excitation function at low beam intensities. MuSIC Indiana was commissioned by the measurement of the $. {18}$O+$. {12}$C fusion excitation function at the University of Notre Dame's Nuclear Science Laboratory's 10 MV Tandem Accelerator. An advanced data analysis technique, which improved upon the resolution presently achievable with MuSIC-type detectors, was successfully demonstrated with this dataset. This new analytic technique substantially enhances the impact of MuSIC-type measurements of fusion.

Kinematics of manipulator arrays

Corrigan, Thomas Richard Johnstone University of Minnesota 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

The manipulator array is introduced as a class of multiple-armed continuous-motion manipulator that is useful for automated assembly and similar tasks. A definition, characteristics and notation of manipulator arrays are presented. Three classes of manipulator array are examined; coupled, decoupled and partially coupled. Real world automation tasks are converted to inputs for a synthesis method that includes a selection among the three types of manipulator arrays. A realistic case study is used to demonstrate the synthesis techniques. A review of literature, patents and commercial devices is presented to set a context for the field of manipulator arrays.

Multiobjective decision making under uncertainty : an application of fuzzy set theory

Johnston U.M.I. 1986 국내박사