Diffuse optical tomography: Imaging multiple structural and functional features

Jiang, Ruixin University of Florida 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

Diffuse Optical Tomography has drawn more and more interests in the biomedical field over the recent couple of decades due to its ability to noninvasively recover not only tissue structural information but also functional and molecular properties. The contrasts that optical parameters could demonstrate in DOT are usually higher than those of the conventional methods. Based on these contrasts, different approaches had been developed applying DOT for imaging, and so far lots of efforts were spent on detecting breast cancer by imaging tissue absorption and scattering coefficients as well as hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation level. In this work, we tried to expand the ability of DOT in breast cancer detection by introducing Phase-contrast diffuse optical tomography (PCDOT). PCDOT uses near-infrared diffusing light to non-invasively reconstruct tissue refractive index (RI) distribution. RI depends on the tissue’s physical and chemical properties and previous study revealed that it might serve as a promising imaging parameter in breast cancer detection. We’ve first developed a 2-step method to improve the PCDOT image both qualitatively and quantitatively at single-wavelength; then we’ve introduced a multispectral PCDOT algorithm to more efficiently reconstruct RI simultaneously with other tissue functional parameters and attempted to improve this algorithm by different structural regularization methods. Measuring hemodynamic changes, oxygen delivery and cerebral blood flow is important for locating and interpreting pathological variations associated with epileptic disorders. We then further expanded the application of DOT by presenting a method of dynamic, noninvasive and functional diffuse optical brain imaging that is conducted simultaneously with hippocampus CA1 local field potential recordings for anesthetized rats under resting conditions and during acute chemoconvulant provoked seizures. By illuminating the scalp with near-infrared light and recovering, the backward scattered light were collected and three-dimensional (3D) absolute tissue optical absorption images with high temporal resolution were obtained using a finite-element based reconstruction algorithm. The measured tissue absorption changes were validated with optic-intrinsic-signals measurement. In the focal seizure model, the seizure focus could be identified using the technique denoted by local variations of tissue absorption level as well as hemoglobin and cerebral blood flow changes. The findings are consistent with general observations in seizures of significant local cerebral metabolism increase. Successive absorption images along with EEG signals demonstrated linearity relationships from the neurovascular coupling study, suggesting cerebral metabolism closely matches demand from neuronal changes. This preclinical study suggests that this technique is feasible to be applied to human study and can provide insights into brain function and mechanisms of seizure disorders.

Computational and Physical Quality Assurance Tools for Radiotherapy

Graves, Yan Jiang University of California, San Diego 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

Radiation therapy aims at delivering a prescribed amount of radiation dose to cancerous targets while sparing dose to normal organs. Treatment planning and delivery in modern radiotherapy are highly complex. To ensure the accuracy of the delivered dose to a patient, a quality assurance (QA) procedure is needed before the actual treatment delivery. This dissertation aims at developing computational and physical tools to facilitate the QA process. In Chapter 2, we have developed a fast and accurate computational QA tool using a graphics processing unit based Monte Carlo (MC) dose engine. This QA tool aims at identifying any errors in the treatment planning stage and machine delivery process by comparing three dose distributions: planned dose computed by a treatment planning system, planned dose and delivered dose reconstructed using the MC method. Within this tool, several modules have been built. (1) A denoising algorithm to smooth the MC calculated dose. We have also investigated the effects of statistical uncertainty in MC simulations on a commonly used dose comparison metric. (2) A linear accelerator source model with a semi-automatic commissioning process. (3) A fluence generation module. With all these modules, a web application for this QA tool with a user friendly interface has been developed to provide users with easy access to our tool, facilitating its clinical utilizations. Even after an initial treatment plan fulfills the QA requirements, a patient may experience inter-fractional anatomy variations, which compromise the initial plan optimality. To resolve this issue, adaptive radiotherapy (ART) has been proposed, where treatment plan is redesigned based on most recent patient anatomy. In Chapter 3, we have constructed a physical deformable head and neck (HN) phantom with in-vivo dosimetry capability. This phantom resembles HN patient geometry and simulates tumor shrinkage with a high level of realism. The ground truth deformation field can be measured from built-in surface markers, which is then used to verify the accuracy of an important ART step of deformable image registration. Our experiments also demonstrate the feasibility of using this phantom as an end-to-end ART QA phantom with an emphasis on testing the dose deliver accuracy.

Two Parameter Inference Methods in Likelihood-Free Models: Approximate Bayesian Computation and Contrastive Divergence

Jiang, Bai ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Stanford Universit 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation is a summary of my three major projects in my PhD program.A version of Chapter 2 has been accepted by Statistica Sinica [Bai Jiang, Tung-Yu Wu, Charles Zheng, and Wing Hung Wong. Learning summary statistic for Approximate Bayesian Computation via deep neural network. arXiv preprint arXiv:1510.02175. 2015]. I was the first author, responsible for all major areas of concept formation, methodology, mathematical proof, experiments, data analysis, as well as the majority of manuscript composition. Wu T-Y contributed to conducting simulation experiments, and Zheng C contributed to manuscript composition and proofreading the mathematical texts in the proof. Wong WH was the supervisory author on this project and was involved throughout the project.A version of Chapter 3 has been submitted to one of the top journals in Statistics and is now available in arXiv, a repository of electronic preprints, [Tung-Yu Wu, Bai Jiang, Yifan Jin, Wing Hung Wong. Convergence of Contrastive Divergence algorithm in exponential family. arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.05729. 2016]. Wu T-Y and I were co-first authors contributing equally to this project. Wu T-Y was involved in the early stages of concept formation and conducted preliminary experiments. I was responsible for mathematical proof, experiments, data analysis and manuscript composition. Jin Y was involved in the early stages of concept formation and contributed to mathematical proof. Wong WH was the supervisory author on this project and was involved throughout the project.A version of Chapter 4 has been submitted to one of the top journals in Statistics and is now available in arXiv [Bai Jiang, Tung-Yu Wu, Wing Hung Wong. Convergence of Contrastive Divergence with annealed learning rate in exponential family.arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.06220. 2016]. I was the first author, responsible for all major areas of concept formation, mathematical proof, experiments, data analysis and manuscript composition. Wu T-Y was involved in the early stage of concept formation. Wong WH was the supervisory author on this project and was involved throughout the project.

Raman spectroscopy of single molecules on noble metal nanoparticles

Jiang, Jiang Columbia University 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

This thesis presents theoretical calculations and experimental results on the mechanism of surface enhanced single molecule Raman spectroscopy. Raman scattering from single Rhodamine 6G molecule adsorbed large Ag nanoparticles was studied. A superlinear power dependence of the SERS signal was observed. The result is discussed in terms of model where single R6G molecule that yields surface enhanced Raman signal is located at the junction of two Ag nanoparticles. By increasing the incident light intensity, the huge gradient force can pull the molecule further into the junction. The dynamics of molecular motion and junction geometry were investigated by Raman depolarization studies. Results show depolarization ratio is wavelength independent for both the R6G Raman lines and the underlying continuum. In addition, depolarization ratio can usually be changed by changing the laser polarization on the sample, and varies as a radiating dipole of extreme anisotropic Raman tensor. This is explained by the local field properties at the junction sites of particle aggregates. The origin of the Raman continuum is proposed as the Ag electronic Raman triggered by chemisorbed R6G. Classical electromagnetic (EM) field calculations are presented to discuss the EM field enhancement for a single sphere and dimer of spheres as a function of separation. For a Ag particle dimer, as separation gets smaller, the EM field at the junction is further enhanced at least 4–6 orders of magnitude compared to the single sphere case. The density distribution of coherent oscillating electron-hole pairs in the sphere is also calculated as a function of particle distance. It changes from a volume excitation in an isolated sphere to a surface excitation in a closely spaced dimer. Controlled metal nanoparticle dimers have been self-assembled using rigid conjugated di-thiol bridging molecules. Preliminary results show that weak Raman signal from single optically transparent molecule at particle junctions is observed.

Understanding mechanical environment changes and biological responses to canine retraction using T-loop

Jiang, Feifei Purdue University 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

Jiang, Feifei. Ph.D., Purdue University, May 2015. Understanding Mechanical Environment Changes and Biological Responses to Canine Retraction Using T-loop. Major Professors: Jie Chen, School of Engineering and Technology, Anil Bajaj, School of Mechanical Engineering. Predictability of tooth displacement in response to specific orthodontic load system directly links to the quality and effectiveness of the treatment. The key questions are how the tooth's environment changes in response to the orthodontic load and how the biological tissues respond clinically. The objectives of this study are to determine the mechanical environment (ME) changes and to quantify the biological tissues' response. Eighteen (18) patients who needed maxillary bilateral canine retractions were involved in the study. A method was developed to quantify the 3D load systems on the canine, which allowed the treatment strategies to be customized in terms of orthodontic loading systems to meet either translation (TR) or controlled tipping (CT) requirement. Dental casts were made before and after each treatment interval, and the Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans were taken prior to and following the entire treatment for control of treatment strategy and post treatment evaluations. Finite element method (FEM) was applied to calculate the location of center of resistance (CRes) for tooth movement control. The location and variation of CRes were recorded and compared with previous studies. A quick CRes assessment method that locates CRes by calculating the centroid of the contact surface (CCS) and the centroid of the projection of root surface (CPCS) in certain direction was also tested and compared with the results from FEM. Customized T-loop spring, a kind of orthodontic appliance, was designed, fabricated, and calibrated on a load measuring system to ensure that the load met the clinician's prescription. The treatment outcomes in terms of tooth displacement and root resorption characterized by the changes of tooth length and volume as well as the bone mineral density (BMD) represented by the Hounsfield units (HU) change were recorded and analyzed. The ME in terms of stress were also calculated by using FEM. Paired t-test and mixed model ANOVA methods were used to analyze the relationships between the mechanical inputs (quantified and customized load, and corresponding stress) and clinical outcomes (root resorption and BMD change). It was found that the overall root resorption is not significant for canine retraction, but apical root resorption does occur, meaning that orthodontic load is not a sufficient factor. Also, it was observed that HU distribution changed significantly in both root and alveolar bone. The maximum reduction was on the coronal level in the direction perpendicular to the direction of movement in root, and in the direction of the tooth movement at the coronal level in bone. In addition, it was determined that the locations of the CRes in the MD and BL directions were significantly different. The locations of the CRes of a human canine in MD and BL directions can be estimated by finding the CPCSs in the two directions. Finally, it was shown that the stress invariants can be used to characterize how the osteocytes feel when ME changes. The stress invariants in the alveolar bone are not significantly affected by different M/F. The higher bone modeling/remodeling activities along the direction of tooth movement may be related to the initial volumetric increase and decrease in the alveolar bone.

자본비용과 투자간의 관계 : 다양한 자기자본비용 추정방식 통한 검증 및 비교

JIANG, LIN 경희대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

资本成本的测定是金融投资的决策时以及判断投资的效率性时的重要因素,本研究选 用 2010-2020 年韩国市场的企业为研究对象,通过实证研究使用多个测定模型确定了 资本成本与投资之间的关系。第一通过资本资产定价模型为基础的方式进行测定,发现 资本成本对于投资的影响并不显著。第二通过使用隐含资本成本为基础的测定方式(包 括 Gordon Growth model,Ohlson Juettner -Nauroth Model,The modified price-earnings growth ratio model)明确了资本成本对投资产生显著的负(-)影响。 最后对各个模型的测定结果以及测定方式之间的差异和优缺点进行了比较分析. 자본비용의 추정은 투자의 의사결정과 투자의 효율성을 판단하는데 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구에서, 2010년부터 2020년까지 한국 시장 기업을 대상으로 자본비용 추정을 위해 여러 모형을 사용하고, 자본비용과 투자 간의 관계를 실증연구를 한다. 첫째, 자본자산가격결정모형(CAPM)을 사용해서 자기자본비용을 추정했을 때 가중평균자본비용이 투자에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 둘째, 내재자기자본비용(Implied cost of capital) 기반으로 고든 성장모형 (Gordon Growth model)과 초과이익성장모형(Ohlson Juettner-Nauroth Model) 및 수정·주가수익성장모형(The modified price-earnings growth ratio model )으로 자기자본비용을 추정한 경우, 가중평균자본비용이 투자에 대해 음의 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다.마지막으로 각각의 자본비용 추정결과 및 추정 방법들 간의 차이점과 장단점을 비교하고, 분석하였다. To estimate the cost of capital is one of important factors in investment decisions. In this study, several models are used to estimate the cost of capital for firms in theKorea market. Our empirical tests provide results regarding the relationship between the cost of capital and investment. First, the cost of equity that is estimated using the CAPM does not significantly affect investment. Second, we show that there is a negative relationship between the cost of capital and investment when using the implied cost of capital using three models: the Gordon Growth model, the Ohlson Juettner-Nauroth model, and the modified price-earnings growth ratio model. Finally, we provide the differences between models for estimation and their pros and cons.

개인적 요인과 상황적 요인이 내부고발 의도에 미치는 영향 : 윤리적 리더십의 조절효과를 중심으로

Jiang, Yao 경북대학교 대학원 2012 국내석사

There are two approaches to delineate factors that lead to whistle-blowing intention in organization: 'bad apples' and 'bad barrels' perspective. According to the bad apples approach. One cane attribute whistle-blowing intention to personal characteristics of individuals. The bad barrels approach, in contrast, focuses on the primacy of organizational and situational variables in influencing the whistle-blowing intention. So this study attempted to combine the two approaches. In organization, leader has a great influence on employee's behavior. So the goal of this study is to understand how individual factor (personal morality, fear to retaliation) and situation factor (compliance-oriented ethical program, value-oriented ethical program), and to investigate the moderating role of ethical leadership on relationship between individual factor, situation factor and whistle-blowing intention. To achieve the purpose of this study, the hypotheses were developed as follows: (H1) The higher level of personal morality, the higher whistle-blowing intention. (H2) The higher level of fearing to retaliation, the lower whistle-blowing intention. (H3a) The more organization's formal ethical program will be compliance oriented, the higher whistle-blowing intention. (H3b) The more organization's formal ethical program will be value oriented, the higher whistle-blowing intention. (H4a) The relationship between personal morality and whistle-blowing intention is moderated by ethical leadership. (H4b) The relationship between fear to retaliation and whistle-blowing intention is moderated by ethical leadership. (H4c) The relationship between compliance oriented ethical program and whistle-blowing intention is moderated by ethical leadership. (H4d) The relationship between value oriented ethical program and whistle-blowing intention is moderated by ethical leadership. To accomplish this study, the data were collected from 250 employees in different organizations and 216 employees provided complete surveys, representing a response rate of 86.4 percent. The frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis, multiple liner regression analysis, and hierarchical moderate analysis were used for statistical methods. The findings of this study were as follows:
 First, personal morality was positively related to whistle-blowing intention and fear to retaliation was negatively related to whistle-blowing intention. Second, compliance oriented ethical program was positively related to whistle-blowing intention and value oriented ethical program was positively related to whistle-blowing intention.
 Finally, the moderating effect of ethical leadership was partially supported. More specifically, a high level of perceived ethical leadership enhanced relationships between personal morality and whistle-blowing intention. In conclusion, strength of this study is that I focused on individual factor, situation factor, motivation factor, and how it is related to whistle-blowing intention. It appeared that personal morality had a strong influence in explaining whistle-blowing intention. So human resource department should provide various training programs to further develop employees' moral sensitivity, such as T-group, in-basket exercise, attitude training, behavioral modification workshops and so forth. Besides of this result, ethical program and leadership can also play an important role in the whistle-blowing intention. Therefore, in order to improve employees' whistle-blowing intention within organizations attention should be paid to the ethical process and leader's ethical behavior.
The contribution and limitations of this research were discussed, and future researches were mentioned.

Degradation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Using Biogenic Manganese Oxides

Jiang Shaofeng 경희대학교 2010 국내석사

Biogenic manganese oxide is believed to be the most abundant and highly reactive Mn oxide phase in the environment. Because of its specific characteristics, such as high surface area and oxidizing power, the biogenic manganese oxide can efficiently mediate redox reactions with organic and inorganic compounds and scavenge a variety of metals. In this study, oxidation of manganese was catalyzed by a common soil and freshwater bacterium Pseudomonas putida MnB1 (ATCC 23483). Batches experiments of biogenic Mn(II) oxidation were performed under varying Mn(II) concentrations, pH and temperatures to determine the optimum conditions for the production. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis were applied to gain the structural information of the biogenic manganese oxide. 17α- ethinyletradiol (EE2), a type of synthetic and persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), has been frequently detected in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants. The degradation of EE2 by the biogenic manganese oxides was investigated in this research. EE2 could be efficiently removed by the reaction with low concentration of biogenic manganese oxides. The removal of EE2 (1 mg/L) was 71%, 87% and 94% by 3.2 mg/L, 7.9 mg/L and 15.8 mg/L biogenic manganese oxide within 120 min, respectively. The EE2 removal increased with decreasing pH value (from 9.12 to 5), due primarily to increased oxidizing power of Mn oxide and a cleaner reactive surface at lower pH value. Metal ions such as Na, Ca(II), Fe(III), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) competed with EE2 for reactive sites leading to reduced EE2 removal by biogenic manganese oxides. Different suppression on EE2 removal may be related to different adsorptivities on Mn oxides and concentrations of metal ions. The biogenic Mn oxides have strong ability for Pb adsorption. In the presence of natural organic matter (NOM), EE2 removal by biogenic manganese oxides could be inhibited. However, when the concentration of humic acid increased from 0.36 to 10.8 mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) L-1, the EE2 (1mg/L) removal was enhanced from 34% to 65%. The biogenic manganese oxide is therefore a promising tool for the removal of EE2, which can provide some new insights into the interaction of EDCs with biogenic manganese oxides in contaminated water.

중국어 감탄사 교육에 대한 연구 : 중국어 교재를 중심으로

Jiang Lin 강원대학교 일반대학원 2017 국내석사

중국어 감탄사 교육에 대한 연구 - 중국어 교재를 중심으로 - JIANG LIN 강원대학교대학원 중어중문학과 우리의 일상적인 언어생활에서 감탄사를 사용하는 것은 사람의 감정을 표출하여 의사소통을 하는데 중요한 기능을 발휘하고 있다. 그러나 지금까지 감탄사는 우리의 일상적인 언어생활, 특히 구어에서 빈번하게 사용되고 있음에도 불구하고 중국어 감탄사에 대한 연구가 너무나 부족한 상황이 드러난다. 그 중에서도 중국어 감탄사 교육에 대한 연구가 이루어지지 않았다. 본고는 중국어 교육에 있어 교재의 감탄사를 통해 어떤 문제점이 있는지 또한 문제점들이 학습하는 과정에서 어떤 영향을 미치고 있는지를 반드시 알아야 할 필요성을 느꼈다. 그래서 한국인 학습자로서 모국어처럼 중국어 감탄사를 구체적으로 이해하고 언어실력을 향상시키고 일상생활에서 유창하게 사용할 수 있게 하는데 목적을 두었다. 먼저 제1장은 서론으로 연구의 목적 및 필요성과 연구 방법에 대해 밝힌다. 그리고 선행연구에서 학자들의 연구성과를 분석해서 감탄사에 대한 어느 측면에서 어떤 연구가 있는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 제 2장에서는 ≪현대중국어사전≫(제5판)에 나타나는 감탄사의 범위를 기준으로 삼아 감탄사의 정의 및 특징을 자세히 보았다. 감탄사의 어음특징의 불규칙성, 감탄사의 형태구조와 감탄사의 의미적 특징 및 문법특징에 대해 살펴보고 감탄사가 다른 품사 “의성어, 어기조사 및 담화표지”와 어떠한 관련이 있는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 제 3장에서는 한국인 학습자를 위해 한국어 감탄사의 정의 및 기본특징을 살펴보고 한국어 감탄사와 중국어 감탄사를 비교해 양국 감탄사의 유사점과 차이점을 분석하였다. 왜냐하면 모국어 간섭현상 때문에 중국어 학습하는 한국인 학습자에게 먼저 모국어의 감탄사를 이해를 시키면 중국어 감탄사를 학습할 때 쉽게 이해할 수 있기 때문이다. 제 4장에서는 한국에서 많이 접할 수 있는 중국어 교재 ≪신공략중국어≫1~6권 교재에 수록된 감탄사를 분석한다. ≪신공략중국어≫1~6권에서 출현한 감탄사의 횟수, 급수별 예문들을 조사하고 교재에서 어떻게 교육하고 있는지를 분석한다. 교재에 출현하는 문제점과 감탄사의 특수성으로 인해 학습자에게 문제가 된 어려운 점을 논의하였다. 제 5장에서는 제4장에서 언급한 감탄사의 어려운 점을 개선하기 위해 적절한 교육방안을 제시하였다. 제 6장 결론 이러한 구성으로 본 논문을 진행하겠다. 본 논문을 통해서 중국어 감탄사에 대한 정확하게 깊이 있게 이해하고 일상생활 가운데 모국어처럼 자연스럽게 의사소통을 할 수 게 큰 도움이 되어 중국어 능력의 향상을 이룰 수 있게 한다는 점에서 의미가 있다고 본다.

Safeguarding women’s economic equality in transition China

Jiang, XiaoMei 이화여자대학교 국제대학원 2010 국내석사

This thesis aims to discuss the possible reasons why women in China continue to earn substantially less than men although the overall situation of Chinese women has improved since the economic transition process that started in 1978. More broadly, the thesis attempts to understand the relationship between economic development and gender inequality as well as tentatively explore how more equitable gender relations should be pursued in transitional economy. The research methodology is a qualitative methods-based problem-driven case study. The thesis heavily uses secondary archival data consisting of qualitative and survey-based quantitative data. The research shows that the gendered structure of Chinese economy and labor market segregation are problematic. China’s transition to a market-oriented economy widens gender income gap. More specifically, industrialization and urbanization process leave more women in rural areas where the productivity is low. Moreover, women's access to urban employment is restricted and jobs for female are concentrated on simple labor-intensive manufacturing and informal services. Thus as a result, women are paid less than men. However, economic transition alone doesn’t create the problem. It just intensifies the already entrenched gender stereotypes and discrimination. And the divided gender roles and gender discrimination is the basic reason that causes the gender income gap. This research concludes that even though economic transition brings new opportunities for women through enhanced education and health condition as well as the infusion of women into job markets, it does not translate into the advancement of gender income gap. Economic transition has negative consequences for women’s economic equality as it intensifies stereotypical patterns of gender roles and confines women to low pay or no pay occupations. Thus assisting women to achieve full economic participation as well as the advancement of gender awareness and perspective requires the cooperation of individuals, organizations and government; in particular the government must get more actively involved in gender issues in transitional society. 이 논문은 1978년에 시작된 시장경제체제로의 이행 이후 중국 여성의 지위가 전반적으로 향상되었음에도 불구하고 중국에서 왜 여성이 남성보다 훨씬 낮은 소득을 받는지에 대해 토론한다. 또한 이 논문은 경제개발과 성불평등의 상관관계를 이해하고, 과도기 전환 경제체제에서 평등한 남녀관계가 어떻게 촉진되어야 하는지를 분석한다. 이 논문은 정성적, 정량적 2차 자료로 구성된 고문서를 주로 사용하였다. 이 논문은 성차별적 구조를 가진 중국경제와 노동시장의 문제점을 제기한다. 특히 산업화와 도시화 과정은 여성들이 생산성이 낮은 농촌지역에 남아 있도록 만들었으며, 도시에서의 취업을 제한시켰고, 단순 노동작업과 비공식 분야에 집중되게 하였다. 그 결과 여성의 소득이 남성보다 낮게 되었다. 그러나 자본주의 경제체제로의 전환 그 자체가 문제를 일으킨 것은 아니었다. 이미 사회 내에 존재하고 있던 성불평등인식과 남녀차별이 체제 전환 과정에서 더욱 심화되었으며 성 역할 분담과 성차별이 남녀간 소득 격차를 일으키는 주요 원인이 되었다. 이 논문은 비록 경제체제 전환이 여성들에게 교육과 보건의 향상, 그리고 취업기회 제공을 통해 새로운 기회를 부여했음에도 불구하고 이것이 남녀간 임금격차 감소로 이어지지 않았다고 주장한다. 자본주의 경제체제로의 전환이 남녀간 역할 패턴을 강화시킴에 따라 그리고 여성을 저임금 또는 무임금 노동에 한정 시킴으로써 여성의 경제평등에 부정적 결과를 가져왔다. 성평등에 대한 관심을 증대 시키는 것은 개인, 조직 그리고 정부간의 협력을 필요로 한다. 특히 중국과 같은 전환사회에서는 정부가 젠더 이슈에 더 많은 관심과 역할이 가져야 한다.