Seeing red: Anger, feminity, and the American Indian of nineteenth-century sentimental literature

Carpenter, Cari Michelle University of Michigan. 2002 해외박사

Immigrants, self-employment, ethnicity, and growth in the United States

Carpenter, Craig Wesley Michigan State University 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

The goal of this dissertation is to investigate how geographic, socioeconomic, and industrial factors impact and interact with Latino and Latino immigrant business owners in the United States. Further, this dissertation seeks to investigate the impact of Latino business owners on local economic performance. Essay 1 employs decennial Census Bureau data from cities of 10,000 or more to examine the impact of immigrants in American cities on self-employment and median income. The essay examines the relationships using pooled ordinary least squares and generalized method of moments estimators. The results show that self-employment has a statistically significant and positive impact on median income and immigrant population. When controlling for race populations, lagged immigrant population has a negative impact on self- employment, but removing the Hispanic control causes this relationship to become statistically insignificant. In other words, Hispanics, not other ethnicities, drive much of the self- employment in U.S. cities. The implication is that more attention to helping Hispanic business owners succeed and expand their businesses could benefit the general population of a city through median income growth. Essay 2 employs the Michigan Census Research Data Center to merge three limited-access Census Bureau data sets by individual firm and establishment level to investigate the factors associated with the Latino-owned Business (LOB) location and dynamics over time. The three main LOB outcomes under analysis are as follows: (1) the probability of a business being Latino-owned as opposed to a business being Asian-owned, Black-owned, or White-owned; (2) the probability of new business entry and exit; and (3) LOB employment growth. This paper then compares these factors associated with LOB with past findings on businesses that are Asian- owned, Black-owned, and White-owned. Some notable findings include: (1) only Black business owners are less associated with using personal savings as start-up capital than Latinos; (2) the only significant coefficient on start-up capital source is personal savings and it increases the odds of survival of a Latino business by 4%; (3) on average, having Puerto Rican ancestry decreases the odds of business survival; and (4) LOB are relatively likely to start a business with a small amount of capital, which, in turn, limits their future growth. Essay 3 also takes advantage of the Michigan Census Research Data Center to merge limited-access Census Bureau data with county level information to investigate the impact of Latino-owned business (LOB) employment share on local economic performance measures, namely per capita income, employment, poverty, and population growth. Beginning with OLS and then moving to the Spatial Durbin Model, this paper shows the impact of LOB overall employment share is insignificant. When decomposed into various industries, however, LOB employment share does have a significant impact on economic performance measures. Significance varies by industry, but the results support a divide in the impact of LOB employment share in low and high-barrier industries.

A Diachronic and Synchronic Approach to Patterns in Semantic Change and Stability: Sleep and Wake in Spanish

Carpenter, Marisa J ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The University of 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation investigates basic principles and processes of lexical-semantic development, focusing on both change and stability. It uses an integrated framework and methodological model that makes use of several different types of data, including the observation of modern-day speakers in Northwestern Argentina and cross-linguistic data, to access the most information possible about how semantic change works and mitigate the challenges of the limited empirical evidence available in historical documents. The integrated framework combines prototype theory with the study of lexical fields to analyze the processes involved in the addition and loss of a particular meaning ('to wake') in a group of Spanish verbs that have at one time or another belonged to the same lexical field ( despertar, recordar, acordar, (d)espabilar, and levantar ). The focus on this particular lexical field---and to a lesser extent on the related fields of 'to sleep and 'to be/stay awake'---grounds the investigation in the source of meaning: real-world experiences, the underlying concepts that linguistic forms are selected to represent. It offers a systematic and scientific method to explain patterns of semantic development among the aforementioned Spanish verbs (and semantically-related verbs in other languages) as a result of the common cognitive processing of universal experiences. Regarding semantic change, the study demonstrates that it is generally more likely to occur and to lead to patterns across speech communities when two concepts commonly overlap in widely-shared life experiences. With regard to semantic stability, on the other hand, the study suggests that certain concepts are less susceptible to undergoing name changes over time because they are less susceptible to the type of association with other concepts in life experience that leads to change. That is, while semantic changes tend to be highly variable and chaotic (compared to other types of language change) due to the lack of contextual constraints, this study examines how shared experiences provide conceptual constraints that result in recurring patterns of semantic development.

Remedying some defects in the history of analyticity

Carpenter, John Michael The Florida State University 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

The bulk of this dissertation is an investigation into how analyticity relates to the philosophical works of Descartes, Frege, Carnap, Quine, and Williamson. I also discuss some <italic>prima facie</italic> constraints on analyticity, and provide a survey of the relevant literature on the concept. Erde suggests that Descartes took "cogito ergo sum" to be analytically true on the basis of conceptual containment. I argue that Erde's thesis is false for several reasons, one of which is that if Erde's interpretation were correct, "cogito ergo sum" would have no more import than "I am walking, therefore I exist," but clearly Descartes thought that it does. Katz argued that though Descartes had a sense of the fact that "cogito ergo sum" is analytic, since Descartes did not have access to the true linguistic theory in which its justification can be formulated, Descartes's epistemology was provided as an ersatz alternative. I argue that Descartes's epistemology leaves no room for any amendments from linguistics. In short, Descartes held that "cogito ergo sum" is (1) true solely because it was made true by God, and (2) can be known to be true solely because God gave us the ability to intuit truths; however, Descartes did not appreciate that this account could not convince a skeptic. Finally, for the same reasons that undermined Katz' view, Díaz failed to show that Descartes's ontological argument involves analyticity. Nevertheless, I argue that since Descartes held that (1) the idea of God contains necessary existence and that (2) the understanding of words commits us to having the ideas signified by those words, we can know that "God exists" is true simply based on understanding those words. Though Kant's subject-predicate containment account of analyticity is superficially different from Frege's account involving only logic and definitions, I argue that the two are relevantly similar for the following reasons: Kant held a liberal view on what counts as subject-predicate sentences, maintained that analytic judgments ought to increase our knowledge, and advocated logical analysis as the way to determine which judgments are analytic. The substantive difference between Kant and Frege is whether analyticity is grounded in logical analysis based on concepts or definitions. Unlike Kant, who seems to have assumed that none of our concepts are vague, Frege called attention to the vagueness in ordinary language, and recommended that in formal contexts, vagueness be removed by "fruitful" stipulative definitions. In contrast with the later work of Wittgenstein, Frege thought that ordinary language was flawed for various reasons, the major one of which is that ordinary words, with their vague senses, rarely have perspicuous referents, and hence fail to be capable of capturing the definiteness of truth. Stipulations can ensure perspicuous referents, but such definitions must not invalidate any propositions already commonly accepted or affirm any that are already commonly not accepted, on pain of changing the legitimate subject associated with those words. Carnap and Quine initially agreed on the characterization of analyticity as only involving rule-governed symbol manipulation, but even this characterization tacitly imported the semantics of logical terms, and Carnap subsequently was convinced that widespread toleration of semantics could generate fruitful results. Quine argued that accepting semantics in this fashion leads to an incorrect account of ontology. Carnap's view on ontology was "pluralistic" in the sense that ontology varied by language, and languages varied by which sentences were taken to be analytic by the language formulators. Quine's famous case against analyticity amounts to the insistence that (1) "analytic" is in need of a scientifically respectable explanation, since it is a term of art, and that (2) there is no antecedently clear sense of "analytic" on the basis of which Carnap could use the word, or provide an explication for it. However, I show that Quine eventually gave this objection up and gave an explication of his own. The lasting disagreement between Carnap and Quine was over the usefulness of analyticity. Williamson's two main arguments against analytic and synthetic truths being true in different senses are <italic>reductios</italic>. According to him, if "true" were ambiguous, then the standard disquotational principles for true and false sentences, and the truth-tables for sentential logical connectives, would have to incorporate these distinct senses, but it is not possible to do so while keeping the alleged senses of "true" distinct. I argue that in the case of the disquotational principles, Williamson offers an inadequate disambiguation, and when appropriately disambiguated, the correct statuses of the disquotational principles can be demonstrated. In the case of compositional semantics, while Williamson is correct that <italic>characteristic</italic> truth-tables cannot be generally disambiguated, what is important is that the same problem does not apply to <italic>particular applications</italic> of truth-tables. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Implicit gender attitudes

Carpenter, Siri Jane Yale University 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

The present research examined the favorability of implicit attitudes toward women and men, with a focus on four questions: What role does group membership play in determining such attitudes? Are effects of group membership moderated by cultural construals of the group? What is the relation between implicit and explicit gender attitudes? Are implicit attitudes susceptible to intervention? Four preliminary experiments measured male and female participants' implicit attitudes toward varying construals of women and men, using the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Overall, participants showed more favorable implicit attitudes toward women than toward men. However, this effect was far more pronounced in female participants than in male participants, a finding that Eagly and her colleagues did not reliably obtain in their research using explicit measures of attitude. Additionally, attitudes were affected by the specific construal of the gender groups being evaluated (i.e., mothers vs. fathers, women vs. men, female leaders vs. male leaders). Across all construals, female participants showed strong favorability toward the category female (relative to male), regardless of the particular construal of the category. Male participants, however, showed weaker preferences overall and less valence-consistency in their gender attitudes. These findings drive the conclusion that group membership (i.e., one's own sex) and cultural construal (i.e., the culture's assessment that female = good) both play an important role in defining implicit gender attitudes. Experiment I examined the consequences of the valence consistency of attitudes toward women and men. This experiment replicated the participant sex effect observed in the four preliminary experiments. More importantly, there was a stronger link between implicit attitudes and explicit candidate preferences among women (the group showing greater valence-consistency) than among men. In Experiment 2, participant sex differences in implicit attitudes toward women were again replicated. Importantly, a mild attempt to influence the strength of implicit association between the concepts <italic>weak</italic> and <italic>female</italic> and between <italic>strong</italic> and <italic> male</italic> (by asking participants to spend five minutes writing an essay about strong women leaders) was successful. Imagining strong women leaders led both male and female participants equally to show a reduction in the implicit stereotype that female = weak and male = strong. The influence of the intervention was, however, restricted to a change in implicit stereotype; it did not influence women's or men's implicit gender attitudes, suggesting that the two processes, implicit attitude and stereotype, may function independently.

Supersymmetry models and phenomenology

Carpenter, Linda M The Johns Hopkins University 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

We present several models of supersymmetry breaking and explore their phenomenological consequences. First, we build models utilizing the supersymmetry breaking formalism of anomaly mediation. Our first model consists of the minimal supersymmetric standard model plus a singlet, anomaly-mediated soft masses and a Dirac mass which marries the bino to the singlet. The Dirac mass does not affect the so-called "UV insensitivity" of the other soft parameters to running or supersymmetric thresholds and thus flavor physics at intermediate scales would not reintroduce the flavor problem. The Dirac bino is integrated out at a few TeV and produces finite and positive contributions to all hyper-charged scalars at one loop thus producing positive squared slepton masses. Our second model approaches anomaly mediation from the point of view of the mu problem. We present a minimal method for generating a mu term while still generating a viable spectrum. We introduce a new operator involving a hidden sector U(1) gauge field which is then canceled against a Giudice-Masiero-like mu term. No new flavor violating operators are allowed. This procedure produces viable electroweak symmetry breaking in the Higgs sector. Only a single pair of new vector-like messenger fields is needed to correct the slepton masses by deflecting them from their anomaly mediated trajectories. Finally we attempt to solve the Higgs mass tuning problem in the MSSM; both electroweak precision measurements and simple supersymmetric extensions of the standard model prefer the mass of the Higgs boson to be around the Z mass. However, LEP II rules out a standard model-like Higgs lighter than 114.4 GeV. We show that supersymmetric models with R parity violation have a large range of parameter space in which the Higgs effectively decays to six jets (for Baryon number violation) or four jets plus taus and/or missing energy (for Lepton number violation). These decays are much more weakly constrained by current LEP analyses and could be probed by new exclusive channel analyses as well as a combined "model independent" Higgs search analysis by all experiments.

Kinesin-2 motors regulate GLI protein function

Carpenter, Brandon S University of Michigan 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

Hedgehog (HH) signaling is an evolutionary conserved pathway that is indispensable for embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. GLI proteins are the transcriptional effector molecules of the HH signaling pathway that act in the nucleus to both activate and repress HH target gene expression. GLI proteins traffic between multiple subcellular compartments including the nucleus, cytoplasm, and primary cilium. Disruption in GLI trafficking results in defects in GLI protein activity, yet the mechanisms regulating these trafficking events are unclear. Kinesin-2 motor complexes, namely the heterotrimeric KIF3A/KIF3B/KAP3 complex and the homodimeric KIF17 complex, regulate both ciliary and non-ciliary transport of protein cargo, but whether these motor complexes regulate GLI proteins directly has not been tested. To examine a role for the heterotrimeric KIF3A/KIF3B/KAP3 kinesin-2 motor complex in regulating GLI activity, I performed a series of structure-function analyses using biochemical, cell signaling and in vivo approaches that define novel, specific interactions between GLI proteins and two components of this complex, KAP3 and KIF3A. I find that all three mammalian GLI proteins interact with KAP3 and map specific interaction sites in both proteins. Further, I find that GLI proteins interact selectively with KIF3A, but not KIF3B and that GLI interacts synergistically with KAP3 and KIF3A. Using a combination of cell signaling assays and chicken in ovo electroporations, I demonstrate that KAP3 interactions restrict GLI activator, but not GLI repressor function. These data suggest that GLI interactions with KIF3A/KIF3B/KAP3 complexes are essential for proper GLI transcriptional activity. Further, I provide evidence that homodimeric KIF17 interacts with all mammalian GLI proteins and that GLI1 protein expression is decreased in cells stably expressing a dominant-negative version of KIF17. Finally, I show that KIF17 and GLI proteins are expressed in overlapping cell layers in the developing cerebellum, and that Kif17-/- mice display smaller cerebella. These data suggest a model in which KIF17 is playing a tissue-specific role in regulating HH signaling through interactions with GLI proteins. Together, my findings define novel interactions between GLI proteins and two distinct kinesin-2 motor complexes and further demonstrate that these interactions are required for proper GLI transcriptional activity.

From a student of teaching to a teacher of students: Beginning teacher professional development and support

Carpenter, Lynn Thomas Teachers College, Columbia University 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of this qualitative action research study was to design and analyze an individualized beginning teacher professional development and support program, describe the key issues of each participant's first year and how various components of the program responded to the experiences, issues, and needs of each participant. Throughout one school year, four first-year teachers met twice monthly. The researcher served both as group facilitator and mentor for the group. Meeting topics were planned based on the needs of participants. In addition, interviews of participants were conducted at the beginning, middle, and end of the project. Data analysis began with transcription of all meeting and interview tapes. Close analysis of transcriptions was conducted. The researcher coded participant responses in looking for emerging themes from the text. A number coding system was developed by the researcher to mark common problems and accomplishments of the participants. Similarities and differences were evident and labeled accordingly. As these "themes" emerged from transcription data, they were presented to the participants for confirmation. Member checks were performed at meetings to corroborate the researcher's interpretation of tape recordings. The comparison of the interview transcripts and meeting tapes provided a cross-check of the data. Findings from this study suggest important implications for educators. Although this was a small, homogeneous group, various components (e.g., peer support, mentoring, and observation of experienced teachers) supported these beginning teachers during their first year. Beginning teacher support should provide more than an inservice on "common problems" new teachers face, but be flexible to meet the needs of participants. Implications for future research were garnered from the experiences of the beginning teachers in this group. More research on the education of teachers and studies of various models of beginning teacher professional development are warranted. Qualifications of mentors and facilitators as well as support for these professionals should be examined. This dissertation thoroughly explores these important findings and implications.

Mechanobiology of bone cross-sectional development, adaptation, and strength

Carpenter, Robert Dana Stanford University 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

Bone cross-sectional morphogenesis is regulated by the interplay between the mechanical environment and biological processes. This dissertation introduces a new computational model that is used to investigate the effects of periosteal surface loads on bone morphogenesis. As in previous models, elevated intracortical stresses are assumed to induce bone formation, while low intracortical stresses are assumed to induce bone resorption. In addition to the effects of intracortical stimuli, the new model also incorporates periosteal loading effects that modify surface modeling rates. Periosteal surface pressures are assumed to inhibit bone formation or induce bone resorption, and tensile strains perpendicular to the periosteal surface are assumed to inhibit bone resorption or induce bone formation. The model is used to simulate the development of the rat tibia and the phenomenon of spontaneous bone straightening in growing children. The results of the rat tibia simulation suggest that bone size is dictated by far-field loads such as torsional and bending moments, while local cross-sectional morphology is strongly influenced by loads applied normal to bone surfaces. The results of the bone straightening simulations suggest that periosteal loads can accelerate the process of bone straightening and lead to more complete correction of congenital bowing. These models are the first to account for the influence of periosteal surface loads on bone cross-sectional morphogenesis, and they set the stage for a new area of mechanobiological research. In order to investigate the effects of bone cross-sectional structure on bone strength later in life, a new approach to analyzing femoral neck structure based on quantitative computed tomography (QCT) images is presented and applied to a cohort of elderly men. Concepts from traditional engineering beam theory are applied to QCT images of femoral neck cross-sections. The results suggest that the relative strength of the femoral neck varies significantly along the neck axis and that the femoral neck is more vulnerable to fracture when falling in a posterolateral direction as opposed to falling directly to the side. The new analysis methods developed in this study offer the opportunity to monitor changes in bone strength at the femoral neck and other commonly fractured skeletal sites.

Synthesis of hybrid inorganic/organic nitric oxide-releasing silica nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Carpenter, Alexis Wells The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenously produced free radical involved in a number of physiological processes. Thus, much research has focused on developing scaffolds that store and deliver exogenous NO. Herein, the synthesis of <italic> N</italic>-diazeniumdiolate-modified silica nanoparticles of various physical and chemical properties for biomedical applications is presented. To further develop NO-releasing silica particles for antimicrobial applications, a reverse microemulsion synthesis was designed to achieve nanoparticles of distinct sizes and similar NO release characteristics. Decreasing scaffold size resulted in improved bactericidal activity against <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>. Confocal microscopy revealed that the improved efficacy resulted from faster particle-bacterium association kinetics. To broaden the therapeutic potential of NO-releasing silica particles, strategies to tune NO release characteristics were evaluated. Initially, surface hydrophobicity and NO release kinetics were tuned by grafting hydrocarbon- and fluorocarbon-based silanes onto the surface of <italic>N</italic>-diazeniumdiolate-modified particles. The addition of fluorocarbons resulted in a 10x increase in the NO release half-life. The addition of short-chained hydrocarbons to the particle surface increased their stability in hydrophobic electrospun polyurethanes. Although NO release kinetics were longer than that of unmodified particles, durations were still limited to <7 days. An alternative strategy for increasing NO release duration involved directly stabilizing the <italic>N</italic>-diazeniumdiolate using <italic> O<super>2</super></italic>-protecting groups. <italic>O<super>2</super></italic>-Methoxymethyl 1-(4-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl))piperazin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (MOM-Pip/NO) was grafted onto mesoporous silica nanoparticles to yield scaffolds with an NO payload of 2.5 μmol NO/mg and an NO release half-life of 23 d. Doping the MOM-Pip/NO-modified particles into resin composites yielded antibacterial NO-releasing dental restorative materials. A 3-log reduction in viable adhered <italic> Streptococcus mutans</italic> was observed with the MOM-Pip/NO-doped composites compared to undoped controls. The greater chemical flexibility of macromolecular scaffolds is a major advantage over LMW NO donors as it allows for the incorporation of multiple functionalities onto a single scaffold. To demonstrate this advantage, dual functional particles were synthesized by covalently binding quaternary ammonium (QA) functionalities to the surface of NO-releasing silica particles. The QA functionality proved more effective against <italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic> than <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>, and increasing alkyl chain length correlated with increased efficacy. Nitric oxide-releasing QA-functionalized particles were found to be more effective against <italic>S. aureus</italic> compared to monofunctional particles.