同穴主副槨式 木槨墓 硏究 : 洛東江東岸地域을 中心으로 = (A) study on 'Pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tombs'

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study is to trace the origin of becoming enormous in size with wooden chamber tombs in the Samhan Age furnishing with chamber of burial trappings.
As the Samhan society grew into polity and a nation, 'East Nakdong river basin' and 'West Nakdong river basin' bothering on Nakdong river developed into Shilla and Kaya respectively.
At that time, Tumulus is classified 'pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tombs'(Kyungju type wooden chamber tomb) and 'Two pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb'(Kimhae type wooden chamber tomb), but it is not known yet why that difference in type is ....among regions or in rankings?
Therefore, though a phase analysis of 'pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb' distributed centering around Kyungju region, we looked over developmental process with the change of the times, social institution, social relation, and etc.
Namely, through comparison with wooden chamber tombs of the Youngnam territory studied already, we would like to examine a developing process of Kyungju region(Saro-guk) and the meaning for being of 'pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb'.
The existence of subordinate chamber in 'wooden chamber tomb' means that with concentration of economic power and political power on the chief, grave goods were increasingly composed of their products escaping from imported goods( bronze kettle, bronze mirror, horse trappings, chariot fittings, lacquered wooden wave) or presentation goods.
It seems to be appearance in which the ruling classes growing spontaneously within a small region showed off distinction from neighbor regions through policy identity and material display with enlargement of influence over neighbor region by development of economic power. Accordingly, the existence of 'subordinate chamber' separated from main chamber by a partition wall is followed by becoming enormous in size of main chamber for furnishing with many grave goods of burial trappings in wooden chamber tomb, and size of subordinate chamber or quantity of burial trappings show a regional character and the social ranking system at that time.
The advent of subordinate chamber in 'pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden tomb' is in accord with general phenomena in Youngnam territory at the late 3th century, and the processory area of subordinate chamber became enormous in size finally to be about the size of main chamber.
Appearance of wall within wooden chamber shows change of consciousness in space use, and the point that there was a distinction between personal goods and burial trappings of the rulers showed unequal elements among social members after that.
Through investigation of ritual performances in wooden chamber tomb, changeful point in rutuals by the times was identified. We can estimate a possibility of 'burial of the living with the dead' through the existence of space within subordinate chamber.
Tumulus area was composed of mound which was the upper part of chamber, guard tombstone which is landmark, dig, subordinate tomb of the followers, pit of rituals filled with artifact of rituals, guarden, wall ＆ gate, road leading to tumulus area, and a guardian's of tumulus house.
From 'pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb', it found that tumulus area was kept for a given period. This shows that tumulus area of the chief was managed and there were a guardian of tumulus and a management system.
From the truth that the existence of a guardian of tumulus is recorded on the epigraph of the great king Kwangaeto of 'Koguryu' as a guardian's of tumulus family, it is induced that a guardian of tumulus was in existence as a somewhat performed form at 4th century.
Therefore, the point that duplicate appearance of wooden chamber tomb are very rare, the existence of mound, and maintenance of burial mound by rituals of tumulus show that a cognition of burial mound would hold much longer, and maintenance of tumulus area was continuous. Considering the truth that the area of large-sized Tumulus was continuously under protection, it seems that the chiefs managed their tumulus area.
From the result of investigation on background of occurrence, structural characteristics, distribution and meaning by the times and region referring to wooden character tomb found centering around Kyungju region, it found that chamber of burial trappings appeared with 'wooden chamber tomb', a tomb system of the late Samhan Age. Therefore characteristics of wooden chamber were changed from rectangle into crosspiece rectangle.
The meaning of appearance of wooden chamber tomb at the late Samhan society is that socially with collapse of traditional familiar community, polity of 'formation of Guk' appears and economically with distribution of sulfus products and increase of agricultural products by development of iron skills, economic inequality like restriction ＆ discrimination of possession was in existence.
It seems that wooden chamber tomb showing change of social aspect at the Samhan Age shows these inequality factors. For example, central tumuli shows composition of 'two pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb', 'pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb', 'wooden chamber tomb', and the region tumuli show composition of 'pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb'and 'wooden chamber tomb'.
It shows that 'two pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb' occupied the highest class in central tumuli of each region. 'pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb' occupied the middle class in central tumuli of Kyungju, Ulsan region, but in Pohang, Youngchun and Kyungsan it was employed as a burial mound of the highest class.
The difference of 'two wooden chamber tomb' identified is that with advent of the Three kingdom Age, the ranking system formed at the Shilla society was positively employed for tumulus with explaining conversion into 'pit-burial with wooden chamber mounded with cobbles and earth', this has been adapted as an archaeological evidence that shows aspect of social change from the Saro-guk to the Shilla kingdom.
Also, 'pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb' was mainly distributed centering around Kyungju region, and a tumulus of the Saro-guk which became the mother of the Shilla, it standed face to face with that of Kimhae Keumkwan Kaya.
But through excavation of tumuli on a large, it found that classification of 'Kyungju type wooden chamber tomb'( pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb) and 'Kimhae type wooden camber tomb'( two pit-burial with main and sunordinate type wooden chamber tomb) was not by the chief of the Shilla and the Kaya society, but by a discrimination among the chiefs who employed ranking for tumulus and a limitation of tomb system.
As defined early, if the aspect of geographical, historical meaning(the Shilla, the Kaya) emphasized, it will be reasonable that discrimination of these two wooden chamber tombs would, we think, be characteristics of tomb system of 'pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb' and 'two pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber'. Speading of culture is mutually dependent rather than one-sided.
At the 3~4th century when separation of the Shilla society and the Kaya society began, the visual angle of diffusionism in which one-sided cultural impact was given from one area to another should be reappraised.
Finally, 'pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb' is one of burial mound developed from 'wooden chamber tomb' of the Samhan society, and at Kimhae region 'two pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb' occupied the highest class and 'wooden chamber tomb' the low class.
While at Kyungju region 'pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb' is between 'two pit-burial with main and sunordinate type wooden chamber tomb' and 'wooden chamber tomb'.
That is ; this aspect in tomb system shows that Kyungju region had sicially more advanced structure than Kimhae region, and it leaded to the following 'Pit-burial with wooden chamber mounded with cobbles and earth' stage. Therefore, it is deduced that the existence of 'pit-burial with main and subordinate type wooden chamber tomb' constituted social development stage at a point of time when the Saro-guk grew into the Silla kingdom, a nation, and it could be defined as a tomb system that expresses the difference of social position by ranking at that time rather than a unique tumulus of the Shilla kingdom territory only.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 目次
• Ⅰ. 머리말. = 1
• Ⅱ. 연구사 = 5
• 1. 연구목적 = 5
• 2. 동혈주부곽식목곽묘에 대한 연구성과. = 7
• Ⅲ. 동혈주부곽식목곽묘의 정의와 구성요소 = 18
• 1. 동혈주부곽식목곽묘의 정의와 구성요소 = 18
• 2. 동혈주부곽식목곽묘의 분포권 = 22
• Ⅳ. 主要遺蹟 = 28
• 1. 慶州地域 = 28
• 2. 蔚山地域 = 62
• 3. 浦項地域 = 72
• 4. 慶山地域 = 77
• 5. 大邱地域 = 82
• 6. 永川地域 = 87
• 7. 釜山地域 = 91
• Ⅴ. 동혈주부곽식목곽묘의 정형화 = 93
• 1. 부곽의 등장과 배경 = 93
• 2. 墓祀行爲 = 96
• 3. 모역의 구성과 관리 = 100
• 4. 동혈주부곽식목곽묘 피장자의 성격 = 101
• Ⅵ. 맺음말 = 103
• 參考文獻 = 106
• (Abstract) = 114