朝鮮初期 鑄字所에 대한 연구 : 設立과 鑄字技術을 中心으로 = Study About The Type Foundry In Early Of Yi Dynasty : mainly concerning to its establishment and technology of types

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This thesis includes the establishment and progress of the Type Foundry (鑄字所)and the contents related to it during the Yi Dynasty(朝鮮朝). The reason I have made it an object for my study is that the establishment and operation of it is a pride not only of Korea, but also of the mankind's culture of the world.
I can say that studying this deeply and comprehending it profoundly at this point is a significant thing even today. The academic community has been actively investigating the contents related to the Type Foundry up to now, but the reality is that only a few thesis have dealt with the Type Foundry as an object for special research. I can say that this unbalance in research activities and the negligence regarding historical fact has given rise to the motivation of the research through this thesis.
However as discussing the overall process of the development of the Type Foundry is an enormous work, this thesis has focused on the initial stage of the establishment of the Type Foundry. Since this stage is that of importance linking the future history of type printing with the past history of it, the making an in-depth research of the type printing will come to provide us with the foundation capable of making us figure out the technology of types and the development process of the Type Foundry macroscopically in the past and in the future.
Through this thesis I have done my utmost to conduct the overall discussion ranging from the establishment of the Type Foundry to the firm settlement of it, and in this process I have elicited the conclusion different from the previous scholars in term of a viewpoint. And the summary of these conclusion is as follows :
The establishment of the Type Foundry is deeply related to the academic atmosphere, that is, it is closely connected with the wide spreading and erudition of Sung Confucianism. Korea has a very long history of the type printing technology. However, the reason why the position type printing skill has come to surface has not ben caused by its own development of type printing technology, but by the change of the recognition regarding the type printing technology on the past Korean people. This enlightened recognition is several centuries ahead of other countries, and has greatly influenced the development of printing technology. It is King Taejong(太宗) of the Yi Dynasty who has proposed the founding of the Type Foundry. Nevertheless, he has suggested this, the cabinet members opposed if fiercely. The reason for it is that the consumption of copper was preposterous. At that time the Yi Dynasty depended upon the import from foreign countries for the copper which she used. This controversy came to be solved by King Taejong's shouldering the burden of the expense for the establishment of the Type Foundry.
The Type Foundry did not directly belong to the National Library(校書館), and its belonging and institution showed a very complicated aspect. On the one hand, the establishment of the Type Foundry was aimed at serving the nationwide intellectuals, and so it was natural that the organization of the Type Foundry should have been established outside the palace and should have been a national agency consisting of the government official and craftsmen. On the other hand, since King Taejong shouldered the expense needed by the Type Foundry, it belonged directly to the King, who managed it through the office of King's secretaries. And so the Type Foundry was established in the royal court and was temporarily activated. At the beginning of the establishment, only large letters were founded, and so the so-caled "Kyemi"(癸未) small letters were not founded when the Type Foundry was established. "Six Detailed Laws"(經濟六典詳節) presented to be the book printed with Kyemi letters which is insisted on by the academic community has not been printed. And "Korean National Music Chapter"(朝鮮國樂章) which is understood as a publication printed with Kyungja letters can be Kyemi letters, or may be a book printed with types at the beginning of the Yi Dynasty before the establishment of the Type Foundry.
The point of view of academic community that the record of printing technology was lost temporarily before the establishment of the Type Foundry is insufficient in its argument and shows a lot of doubtful points. The fact that the efficiency of type printing was extremely low, that is, the fact that types often moved when printing was being done, was due to the use of : "Kyemi large letters". After I conducted a theoretical argument and scientific experiment through this thesis, it was verified that, in view of durability of adhesiveness of printed edition, big types are weaker than small ones.
There have been a great many difficulties in the development of the Type Foundry owing to the nature of the organization of the Type Foundry and the problem of the lowering of the printing with types since the Type Foundry was founded. In this social background, King Sejong(世宗) The Great took into consideration the gradual increase of the burden of publication, carried out the coordination of the organization, proceed with technological reform, and established the position of the Type Foundry.
When King Sejong performed the coordination of the organization regarding the Type Foundry, he didn't reinstate the Type Foundry to a national organization. As King Sejong saw that it would be easy for the king to directly control the Type Foundry as the government office in the imperial court, he set up a "government agency in the imperial court" consisting of high and low government official and craftsmen in the true sense of the word. On the other hand, he conducted the coordination of the organization by changing the Type Foundry located outside the King's court into "External Type Place" which specializing in engraving. Thus, the Type Foundry worked as an effective tool in which the King controlled the nationwide types and engraving publication.
During his reign, King Sejong carried out two reforms about type printing technology, and the reason for the reform was that the use of the "big letters" lowered printing efficiency by types. The reform was processed with the problem of strengthening the durability between printing plate and types and with the problem of satisfying the love of "big letters" on the part of the people. In the first Kyungja(庚子) Reform, they adopted the methode of increasing the durability between printing plates and of reducing the size of types. However, the people at that time favored "big letters", they came to attempt to conduct the second reform so called the Kapin(甲寅) Reform. Since the second reform was the perfect technological reform which was not based on the premise that the size of types would be changed, the technology of types made progress in quality by leaps and bounds.
King Sejong made an attempt to exchange the type printing technology with China and to disseminate the experience of the reform of types, but he was not successful because of the situation of the age. The reason was that Chinese people's recognition of types was not comparable to that of Korean people. At that time, the recognition of the types on the part of Korean people was taking the lead in the world. This advanced recognition about types on the part of Koreans was not introduced to China until the middle of the 18th century, the age of Keon Ryoong (乾隆)of the Ching Dynasty, when an offspring of a Korean, Kim Kahn(金簡) introduced it to China successfully.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차 = ⅰ
• 제1장 머리말 = 1
• 1. 연구의 목적과 범위 = 1
• 1-1. 연구의 목적 = 1
• 1-2. 연구의 범위 = 2
• 2. 선행 연구 = 2
• 3. 연구 방법 = 9
• 제2장 주자소 설립의 배경 = 12
• 1. 麗末鮮初期의 사상적 변화와 서적의 유통 = 12
• 1-1. 학풍의 변화와 서적 수요의 경향 = 12
• 1-2. 서적의 간행과 유통 = 18
• 1-3. 서적 수급의 현상 = 29
• 2. 주자소 설립 이전의 주자 기술 배경 = 30
• 2-1. 주자 인쇄 활동 = 31
• 2-2. 주자에 대한 인식 = 38
• 2-3. 주자 기술에 대한 분석 = 42
• 제3장 주자소의 설립 과정 = 45
• 1. 주자소 설립에 대한 제안 = 45
• 1-1. 설립 제안의 내용 = 45
• 1-2. 제안에 따른 논쟁 = 47
• 2. 주자소의 소속과 편제 = 52
• 2-1. 소속과 성격 = 52
• 2-2. 기구의 편제 = 54
• 3. 주자소의 주요 활동 = 57
• 3-1. 癸未字의 주조 = 57
• 3-2. 서적인쇄 활동 = 66
• 4. 주자소의 기술 전승 양상 = 74
• 4-1. 조선초기 주자인쇄 사실 = 74
• 4-2. 활자조판 방법과 문제점 = 76
• 4-3. 문제점의 원인 = 79
• 제4장 주자소의 확립 = 84
• 1. 지위 확립의 배경 = 84
• 1-1. 設立 초기의 한계 = 84
• 1-2. 세종의 好學 의지 = 85
• 1-3. 서적간행의 요구 = 87
• 2. 기구의 조정과 기능의 확대 = 89
• 2-1. 기구 조정의 내용 = 89
• 2-2. 기능 확대의 실상 = 90
• 3. 주자 기술의 개량 = 91
• 3-1. 庚子 개량의 實際 = 91
• 3-2. 甲寅 개량의 실제 = 98
• 4. 주자 기술에 대한 전파 의도 = 103
• 4-1. 관련 문헌의 검토 = 103
• 4-2. 관련 문헌의 분석 = 104
• 4-3. 전파 의도의 결과 = 111
• 제5장 결론 : 요약과 전망 = 112
• 참고문헌 = 115
• ABSTRACT = 119