태권도 수련이 성장기 초등학생의 심장 자율신경계 Balance에 미치는 영향 = (The)effect of taekwondo training on heart autonomic nerve balance of growth elementary students

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study was attempted to investigate the changes in body composition and the balance of heart Autonomic Nerve System(ANS) activity among growing elementary-school students who underwent Taekwondo (the Korean art of self-defense) training for 48 weeks. To do so, changes in body weight, percent body fat(%BF), body fat mass and fat free mass(FFM) were measured before and after the 48weeks' Taekwondo training. Also changes of Low-frequency(LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz) and high-frequency(HF, 0.15-1.0 Hz) areas under power spectra with heart rate variability(HRV) were calculated before and after the 48 weeks' Taekwondo training. HRV spectral analysis(PSA) was obtained by the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) analysis with the R-R intervals of Electrocardiogram(ECG).
Heart Rate(HR) is controlled by the balance between parasymathetic(PNS) and sympathetic nervous system(SNS) activity to the sinoatrial node. In HRV PSA, it has been demonstrated that HF is associated solely with cardiac PNS activity and LF might be associated with both PNS and SNS activity. In addition, the ratio LF/HF selectively indicate SNS activity.
As a result of comparative analysis on several variables between groups, the following findings were obtained.
1. Body Composition
The 48-weeks' Taekwondo training led to increased average body weight (38.2kg → 41.35kg, p＜0.001) and decreased average % BF (18.76% → 15.44%, p＜0.001). Thus, average body fat mass decreased (13.76kg → 11.53kg, p＜0.001), whereas FFM increased (24.44kg → 29.82kg, p＜0.001).
As a result of group comparison, the control group(CG) showed more increase in average body weight than Taekwondo training groue(TG)(TG:CG = 5.2kg:3.15kg) with increased % BF and thereby more significantly increased body fat mass. After all, the TG had greater average FFM than that of the CG.
2. Cardiac ANS activity balance
For the CG, there were no significant change in HRV PSA index and HR, while for the TG, there was a statistically significant (p＜0.001) difference in HF which was increased considerably, however, there were no significant difference in LF and LF/HF. HR decreased as many as 5.44 beats/min in average, showing a statistically significant difference (p＜0.05). Although there was no statistically significant difference in LF between CG and TG, there was a statistically signifiant (p＜0.001) difference in HF between them. There was no significant difference in LF/HF. HR decreased 5.44 beats/min in the TG, whereas HR increased 0.92 beats/min in the CG.
Putting together the above-mentioned findings, Taekwondo training affects positively the body composition of growing children through decreased % BF and body fat mass, and increased FFM. The heart ANS also represented that HF activity - which indicates the tensity of PSN - was fairly increased, and as shown in the ratio LF/HF indicating selectively SNS activity, LF was relatively dominant compared to HF before the exercises, while LF was reduced relatively due to activated HF after the exercises. This means that regular Taekwondo training results in the lower tensity of SN and higher activity of PSM, which suggests that Taekwondo can contribute greatly to the physical and emotional development of growing children.
Therefore, it is thought that more long-term longitudinal studies should be conducted for growing children in order to encourage the qualitative researches on Taekwondo as a Korean national sport and improve its worldwide awareness, and sufficient verifications should be theorized and concretized on the basis of more positive and scientific researches.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차 = ⅰ
• Ⅰ 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 = 1
• 2. 연구목적 = 5
• 3. 연구문제 = 5
• 4. 연구의 제한점 = 6
• 5. Abbreviations = 6
• Ⅱ 이론적 배경 = 8
• 1. 跆拳道와 운동효과 = 8
• 2. 신체조성(Body Composition)과 운동 = 10
• 3. 신경계와 ANS(Autonomic Nerve System) = 13
• 4. 심혈관계와 항상성 = 18
• 5. HRV Mechanism = 22
• 6. HRV 의미 = 29
• 7. HRV Analysis = 31
• Ⅲ 연구방법 = 37
• 1. 연구대상 = 37
• 2. 실험절차 = 38
• 3. 측정 도구 = 45
• 4. 자료처리 = 46
• Ⅳ 연구결과 = 47
• 1. 운동 전, 후 각 요인별 변화 = 47
• 1) Body Composition = 47
• 2) Autonomic Nerve System = 51
• 2. 운동 전, 후 그룹간의 변화 = 55
• 1) Body Composition = 55
• 2) Autonomic Nerve System = 60
• Ⅴ 논의 = 65
• Ⅵ 결론 = 76
• 참고문헌 = 78
• Abstract = 97