발해 24개돌유적에 관한 건축적 연구 = Architectural Study on the 24 Stones Relics in Balhae

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to see floor plan and structure of BalHaeKook(渤海國) [24 stones relics] which remained in HamBuk(咸北) coast of Korea and Northeastern part of China, and to study its characteristics of BalHae Architecture. This study compared 24 stones relics with other Architecture pattern - historic relics, buildings or Architectural historic buildings in Korea, China and Japan - through Archeological research and field survey, analyzed their relationships. Followings are the major results of this study.
1. Total 12 sites were verified for 24 stones relics. There were4(KangDong 江東, KwanGi 官地, HaeCheongBang 海靑房, YoJeonZa 腰甸子) in TonWha(敦化) City area, 2(KyeongPung 慶豊, ManGu 彎溝) in KyeongBak River(鏡泊湖), 2(MaPai 馬牌, SukGunPyeong 石建坪) in DuMan River(頭滿江) area, and 3(SongPyeongGuYeok 松坪區域, WhaMunRi 會文里, DongHeungRi 東興)里 in HamBuk(咸北) coast area.
2. Following common factors were founded in eleven 24 stones relics lst, they were mostly located around main street. 2nd, they faced toward South or East direction 3rd, they could be founded easily since they were located in high platform. 4th, original number of foot stone is 24 and their height is around 0.7-0.8m. 5th, they have tile roof - high quality Architecture since roof tiles are found around relics. 6th, the scale of relics is considered similar 7th, the materials of foot stone is all basalt. These common factors show that 24stones relics are public upper rised Architecture which is constructed based on standard drawings.
3. Followings are the usage of 24 stones relics. ①they were temporary storage of BalHae royal family's corpse ②they were BalHae Architecture for memorial ceremory relating faith. ③they were not a building but a religious object which people admired. ④they were a station since it is located around street. ⑤they were memorial building of royal family of BalHae. ⑥they were storage for crop. These were the most probable usage after comparing that of upper rised Architecture in Korea, China, and Japan.
4. There were no similarities of 24 stones relics with other BalHae Architecture pattern in floor plan type and footing method, shape and height and span of foot stone, and structure type. 24 stones relics are considered very peculiar Architecture type among BalHae Architecture type.
5. The height of foot stone has relations after comparing 24 stones relics with MiRuk temple relics(彌勒寺址) main hall(金堂) and KamEun temple relics(感恩寺址) main hall(金堂). But the span distance and head shape of footstone is considered very different type. Also mentioned two main hall has closed part in foot stone ares, 24 stones relics is considered four way opened structure.
6. Comparing 24 stones relics with upper rised Architecture at Southwestern China, there is a great difference in floor plan and structure type. This is owing to the difference of materials and structure method by natural environment.
7. Comparing 24 stones relics with Japanese upper rised Architecture, the structure of low under pillar is quite different. But the ratio of side verse front side is 1 : 1.31 and there is similarities in floor plan ratio of 24 stones relics Also, in a way to construct floor above under pillar, there seem to have similarities in a structure of 24 stones relics. It shows that there is Architecture cultural exchanges between Korea and Japan.
8. After studying floor plan of 24 stones relics, average length of side verse front is 7.57m : 9.34m. Approximately this is 22 Pyeong(坪) and average ratio is 1 : 1.23. It is near square type comparing with another BalHae Architecture pattern. It is considered that 24 stones relics are storage for objects not for building for human.
9. After studying structure type of 24 stones relics, foot stone of different buildings are independent footing while 24 stones relics are continuous footing. The distance between each foot stone is 1.31m average and it is very narrow. This is to prevent foot stone from floating individually in a winter season. Also foot stone distance is treated narrow since buildings are heavy.
10. 24 stones relics are considered log construction which stack log horizontally not a framed construction above foot stone when judging from KangDong 24 stones relics.
11. The size of building is estimated above 5 girder log construction after comparing floor plan ratio and building size of 24 stones relics with that of upper rised Architecture in Korea and Japan. Roofs are possibly be gable roof among gable roof, hipped roof, and half-hipped roof by founded relics and conditions of podium around relics.
12. The study of BalHae Architecture in Korea, China, Japan, Russia has focused on its relationship to their own countries. But after proceeding study, BalHaeKook has general Arch - cultural characteristics in Northeast area as well as special Arch - cultural ones as seen in 24 stones relics. The right way of studying BalHae Architecture is understanding Arch - culture and characteristics of relics objectively from a BalHae point of view.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차 = ⅰ
• ABSTRACT = xiii
• 제1장. 서론 = 1
• 1.1. 연구목적 = 1
• 1.2. 연구범위 = 3
• 1.3. 연구방법 = 5
• 제2장. 발해건축 연구동향 및 유적현황 고찰 = 8
• 2.1. 발해건축 연구동향 = 8
• 2.1.1. 발해건축 연구개요 = 8
• 2.1.2. 남·북한의 발해건축 연구동향 = 10
• 2.1.3. 중국의 발해건축 연구동향 = 17
• 2.1.4. 일본의 발해건축 연구동향 = 25
• 2.1.5. 러시아의 발해건축 연구동향 = 28
• 2.2. 발해건축 유적현황 = 32
• 2.2.1. 궁전건축 = 33
• 2.2.2. 공공건축 = 39
• 2.2.3. 정원건축 = 42
• 2.2.4. 사찰건축 = 44
• 2.2.5. 살림집 = 48
• 2.3. 24개돌유적에 관한 건축적 연구의 필요성 = 54
• 제3장. 발해 24개돌유적 고찰 = 57
• 3.1. 24개돌유적에 대한 기존연구 비판 = 57
• 3.1.1. 24개돌유적 기존연구 = 57
• 3.1.2. 24개돌유적 용도에 대한 검토 = 61
• 3.2. 24개돌유적 조사개요 및 지역분포 = 67
• 3.2.1. 24개돌유적 조사개요 = 67
• 3.2.2. 24개돌유적 지역분포 = 68
• 3.3. 24개돌유적 현상조사 = 70
• 3.3.1. 강동24개돌유적 = 70
• 3.3.2. 관지24개돌유적 = 73
• 3.3.3. 해청방24개돌유적 = 75
• 3.3.4. 요전자24개돌유적 = 77
• 3.3.5. 경풍24개돌유적 = 80
• 3.3.6. 만구24개돌유적 = 82
• 3.3.7. 흥륭24개돌유적 = 84
• 3.3.8. 마패24개돌유적 = 85
• 3.3.9. 석건평24개돌유적 = 87
• 3.3.10. 회문리24개돌유적 = 89
• 3.3.11. 동흥리24개돌유적 = 90
• 3.4. 소결 = 92
• 제4장. 24개돌유적의 건축형식 고찰 = 95
• 4.1. 배치 및 평면형식 = 95
• 4.2. 구조형식 = 97
• 4.2.1. 기초 및 기단 = 97
• 4.2.2. 주춧돌 = 98
• 4.2.3. 가구 및 벽체 = 102
• 4.2.4. 지붕 = 103
• 4.3. 소결 = 104
• 제5장. 한·중·일 고상식 건축과의 비교 고찰 = 107
• 5.1. 한국 고상식 건축과의 비교 = 108
• 5.1.1. 고고학을 통한 접근 = 108
• 5.1.2. 건축물을 통한 접근 = 120
• 5.1.3. 24개돌유적과의 관련성 = 135
• 5.2. 중국 고상식 건축과의 비교 = 141
• 5.2.1. 고고학을 통한 접근 = 141
• 5.2.2. 건축물을 통한 접근 = 152
• 5.2.3. 24개돌유적과의 관련성 = 159
• 5.3. 일본 고상식 건축과의 비교 = 163
• 5.3.1. 고고학을 통한 접근 = 163
• 5.3.2. 건축물을 통한 접근 = 174
• 5.3.3. 24개돌유적과의 관련성 = 193
• 5.4. 소결 = 199
• 제6장. 24개돌유적을 통해 본 발해건축의 특성 = 202
• 6.1. 24개돌유적의 건축적 특성 = 202
• 6.1.1. 배치 및 평면형식 = 202
• 6.1.2. 구조형식 = 206
• 6.2. 발해건축의 독자성 = 222
• 제7장. 결론 = 225
• 참고문헌 = 229
• 부록 : 강동24개돌유적 추정 복원(案) = 235