1960년대 이후 우리 經濟의 成長過程에서 나타난 都市化, 産業化의 충격에 의해서 농촌인구의 都市移出이 격증하고, 그에 따라 농촌의 社會經濟構造가 크게 변화하고 있다. 본 연구는 그간에...

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https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T720052
광주: 全南大學校, 1989
1989
한국어
이농 ; 농촌사회경제구조 ; 변화 ; STRUCTURAL ; CHANGE ; RURAL ; SOCIOECONOMY ; RURALURBAN ; MIGRATION
522.63331.43 판사항(3)
307.72 판사항(19)
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다운로드1960년대 이후 우리 經濟의 成長過程에서 나타난 都市化, 産業化의 충격에 의해서 농촌인구의 都市移出이 격증하고, 그에 따라 농촌의 社會經濟構造가 크게 변화하고 있다. 본 연구는 그간에...
1960년대 이후 우리 經濟의 成長過程에서 나타난 都市化, 産業化의 충격에 의해서 농촌인구의 都市移出이 격증하고, 그에 따라 농촌의 社會經濟構造가 크게 변화하고 있다. 본 연구는 그간에 우리 農家人口의 도시이출이 農村의 社會經濟構造에 어떤 영향을 주었으며, 농가인구의 이농과 農村, 農家, 農業의 사회경제적 구조의 변화와는 어떤 相關關係가 있는가를 종합적으로 그리고 구체적으로 연구분석하고자함에 그 目的을 두었다.
본 연구는 全羅南道 光州圈을 둘러싼 5개군의 近郊, 平野, 中間, 山間 등의 4개 지대에서 선정한 568호의 標本農家를 조사분석하는 방법을 취하였으며, 1977년 이후 최근 10년간의 離農과 관련하는 農家經濟構造의 動態的인 變化를 밝히는 것을 主內容으로 하였다.
結論的으로 이농이 農村社會經濟에 미친 變化와 그 영향은 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다.
(1) 이농의 요인을 吸引要因과 排出要因으로 나누어 볼 때, 70년대 이후의 離農은 주로 흡인요인이 더 크게 작용하여 왔다고 본다.
(2) 離農에 의한 영향을 地帶別로 볼 때, 山間과 近郊地帶는 여러가지 측면에서 아주 대조적인 양상을 보인 경우가 많았다. 山間地帶는 이농율이 다른 지대에 비해 현저히 높을 뿐만 아니라, 農家人日의 감소와 勞動力의 부족에 따른 社會經濟的 變化와 영향이 뚜렷한 양상을 보였으며, 農業發展方向의 측면에서 보았을 때 否定的인 側面의 변화가 매우 높았다.
(3) 농가노동력의 老齡化, 婦女化現狀이 근래에 와서 크게 進展되었다. 이것은 家口員 營農從事者의 老年層 人口의 큰 비중과 50세이상 경영주의 높은 비중, 經營主交替의 낮은 비중, 老年扶養家口員比의 현저한 증가추세, 農民自身의 노령화-부녀화의 높은 의식, 家口員 및 營農從事者의 性比의 감소추세, 離農者 性比의 감소추세, 交替된 經營主中 女性의 높은 비중(42.2%) 등에서 확인할 수 있었다.
(4) 家族構造變化의 중요한 요인으로서 家族形態는 單獨 또는 核家族化로 증가추세를 보였으며, 특히 老人夫婦만의 核家族化現狀이 현저하게 增加하는 경향을 보였다.
(5) 部分家族離農家의 比率 및 戶當 離農者數가 크게 증가하였다. 특히 山間地帶와 1.0ha미만층이 큰 비중을 점하였다.
(6) 50세이상 경영주농가 가운데 營農後繼者를 決定하지 못하고 있는 농가가 8할 이상으로 높았고 또 增加추세를 보였다. 특히 山間地帶의 未決定率은 가장 높았으며, 平野地帶가 가장 낮은 비중(74.4%)을 나타냈다. 이같은 현상은 50세이상 經營主農家에서 離農者(80.7%)가 대부분을 점하고 있다는 사실로 비추어 볼 때, 離農과 營農後繼者問題는 직결되어 있음을 알 수 있다.
(7) 家族勞動力의 依存度가 深化되었다. 이것은 家族營農從事者 1人當 勞動投下量의 연평균 증가율('66-86, 16.1%)이 家族勞動投下量의 증가율(9.8%)를 훨씬 앞서고 있다는 사실로서 알 수 있다.
(8) 農業勞動力에 대한 農民들의 의식을 設問으로 조사해 본 바, 대다수 농가가 노동력부족과 質的 低下意識, 노동력을 과도하게 투하하고 있다는 의식을 크게 가지고 있었고, 勞力不足에 대처하는 방법으로써 機械化와 家族勞動力의 增投를 들었으며, 經營에 미친 영향으로는 老人 婦女者의 노동력 강화, 畓裏作의 포기를 주요한 요인으로 들었다.
(9) 賃惜農이 크게 增加하였다. 賃借農은 낮은 所有階層일수록 높게 나타났으나, 增加率은 오히려 높은 계층이 높아지는 추세를 보였다. 최근 10년간에 賃借農이 倍이상 높은 증가를 보인 것은 農民들의 規模擴大에 대한 欲求가 매우 크다는 사실과 實勢地價가 收益地價를 크게 앞서고 있다는 사실이 중요한 요인일 것으로 여겨진다.
(10) 賃借에 의해서 戶當 耕地面積이 增加되고 있으며, 賃借에 의한 階層上昇(35.4%)이 賃貸에 의한 階層下落(6.2%)보다 월등하게 높게 나타났다. 그런데 賃借에 의해 계층상승을 한 농가는 營農從事者數가 많은 농가라고 여겨진다. 이것은 階層上昇下落 農家間에 영농종사자 1인당 所有面積은 큰 차이를 보였으나, 1인당 耕作面積은 거의 差가 없었다는 사실로서 알 수 있다.
(11) 農地賣買에 의한 階層變動 즉 소유계층변동은 거의 나타나지 않았다. 이것은 買入과 賣却이 거의 동일한 比重(27.8%, 29.4%)으로 나타났기 때문이다.
(12) 不在地主의 比重(63.4%)이 매우 높았으나 최근 10년간의 변화는 거의 보이지 않았다.
(13) 농업생산구조가 商業化되고 現金化되는 추세를 뚜렷이 보여 주었다. 이것은 生産作目의 現金粗收入構成, 현금경영비구성, 농가총수입중 현금수입의 구성, 現金家計費구성의 현저한 增加趨勢로부터 알 수 있었다.
(14) 水稻作의 機械化率이 현저히 증가하였다. 특히 近郊地帶는 移秧과 收穫作業 面積의 60%이상을 機械에 依存하고 있는데, 이것은 60년대 중반이후 기계값의 상승에 비해 勞賃의 上昇이 월등히 높게 이루어짐으로써 機械化의 가능성이 높아진 것이라고 여겨진다.
(15) 農業에 대한 農民의 意識 및 價値觀이 부정적인 방향으로 크게 변화되었음을 볼 수 있었다. 즉 農業從事에 불만도가 높아졌고, 최근의 생활수준향상에 대한 의식도 낮아졌으며, 그리고 農村生活水準向上에 대한 앞으로의 전망에 있어서도 悲觀度가 높아졌다. 또한 앞으로 離農하겠다는 의식이 현저히 높아졌으며, 子女에 대한 勸農意識이 훨씬 낮아졌고, 농업의 國家根本에 대한 의식도 낮아졌다. 그리고 과반수의 농민(48%)이 資金의 餘力이 있다면 子女敎育에 投資優先順位를 두겠다는 반응을 보였다.
(16) 社會에 대한 農民의 價値觀이 뚜렷히 변화되었다. 즉 아노미(Anomie)적 현상이 크게 進展되었으며, 福에 대한 가치관, 出世要因에 대한 價値觀이 달라졌고, 老後에 長男依託의 관념도 낮아지는 추세를 보였다.
다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)
The socio-economic structure of Korean rural community has been largely changed by the impacts of urbanization and industrialization in the economic development proceeds since 1960's. As a result, rural-urban migration has been implemented rapidly and...
The socio-economic structure of Korean rural community has been largely changed by the impacts of urbanization and industrialization in the economic development proceeds since 1960's. As a result, rural-urban migration has been implemented rapidly and unbalanced economic growth occurred among rural community and urban area.
The primary objectives of this study are 1) to find out the influence of rural urban migration on rural socio-economic structure in detail, and 2) to analyze mutural relation of changes between rural-urban migration and farm economic structure collectively, and 3) to propose policies for rural development against rural-urban migration.
To accomplish the objectives, a field survey was made at 5 counties in Chonnam province and those were classified into 4 strata by zone(suburban, plain, semi-plain, hilly). The necessary data, based on the 1977 and the 1987, from 568 farms were collected.
The major results of this study could be summarized as follows;
1. When the farmers' characters were concerned, it was found out that most of their age was 50 years of age or over(69.4%) and especially in hilly area was extreme. Also, most of their school career was primary grade school education and they were replaced only 16.5% during the late l0years, especially 47.9% of them were over 50 years.
2. However, the fluctuations in farm household by size of owned land were not almost changed over the period of 1977 to 1987. The number of family per farm household was 4.00 person, which was decreased about 30%(5.65 person in 1977). And in the hilly area, that is the highest decrease in the four areas.
3. Analyzing the status of family members by age, it was turned out that family members of over 60 year increased as much as 2.7 times(6.5% in 1977 and 17.4% in 1987). To refer to family members by sex, decreasing rate of male was larger than that of female.
4. As far as the rural-urban migration's status is concerned, the rate in the total surved farm was approximately 70% in the four areas, especially that of 0.5 to 1.0 ha was the largest and per farm household migrant was 1.58 person.
The migrant number was increasing 0.68 person to 1.42 persons and most of migrant were female. The migrant's age accounted for 87.3% in 14-24 year and their school career accounted for 54.9% in high school career(24.4% in 1977). The migration's reasons accounted for 71.4% in getting a job, and 19.6% in entering school, and the their residence was 96.4% on the urban area(especially 40% on Seoul). However, in these days it was Kwang-Ju City.
5. The situation of farm successor was becomed worse. About 81.4% farm household in over 50 years did not determine and farm successor in plain area accounted for 24.7%, in hilly area 8.7%.
On the other hand, the number of farming labour person was decreased o.5 person in per household over the period of 1977 to 1987(2.97 person in 1977 and 2.51 person in 1987). Both the hours of family labour and per farming person were turned out the increasing trend. That is, the annual increase rate of family labour hours were about 9.8% and that of per farming person labour hours were 16.1%.
6. About 86.8% of total farm household surveyed were responded to labor forces insufficiency. The measures that meeted woth the labor forces' insufficiency were both agricultural machinery and self·forces intensification. And the effects of farm management which that affected, turned out the tightening of labour forces in the aged and the womenfolks(36.8%), the resignation of cultivation of paddy fields(25.0%), and the posses increase agricultural machinery.
7. The farmer's attitude toward labor forces hours was that about 65.5% were more hours than the past and about 32.2% were less hours than the past. The reasons of that are the agricultural mechanization(69.9%) and the spread of cultivated labor reduction technology(8.6%). Also the reasons of that are the family migration (62.4%) and the wage rise(13.3%).
8. Considering the area of cultivated by per farm household, the annual increase rate was 1.3% (3,043.9 Pyongs in 1987). It is believed that the borrowed land increases 530 Pyongs, whereas the self-cultivated land decreases 138 Pyongs. Also the number of the borrowed land farm household was increased as much as 2 times(21.2% in 1977 and 46.7% in 1987), the area of that was 1,715 Pyongs.
9. The reasons why the tenants borrowed the lands from land lords are these: 1) 77.7% of the tenant farm operators say they have too small an amount of owned land compared with other available agricultural resources which they do have, and 2) 15.1% say they have undertaken the migrant's land.
10. Whereas, the reasons why the landlords lease their lands are these: 1) 60% of the landlords say they are short handed the family labor forces; and 2) 12 say the aged, etc. And about 36.6% are village residential landlords, about 63.4% are absentee landowners.
11. In general, the farm household economy showed both the commercialization and the encashment. Referring to the situation of agricultural machinery holdings, the rate of power tiller was increased 33.6%(9.8% in 1977), that of sprayer 25.5%, and that of threshing machine 17.8%, respectively. The reasons why the farmers bought the agricultural machinery are these: 1) 67.7% say the labor forces lack, and 2) 28.6% it works usefully.
12. When the farmer's attitude toward the farming were concerned, it was found out that about 56.7% say they are satisfied with the farming and about 42.8% say unsatisfaction. And the views of living level were turned out that 82.2% say improvement and 5.3% say unimprovement, compared with five year ago. The improve factors of living level were described that 26.6% say the scientification of agricultural technology and 26.4% say a improvement of breed in rice, and 23.3% say transportation development, respectively.
13.The most displeased thing of current rural living was that 34.5% say the instability of agricultural commodity price and 23.9% say the income decline, and 18.3 say the lack of labor forces, respectively. The priority order of investment was that 47.5% say the education of their children and 20.1% say saving, and 20.1% say the farming large-scale, respectively.
14. The anomie phenomena which are characterized by a breakdown or absence of social norms and values in the social transient state, were occurred largely in rural society. The farmer's attitude toward a good fortune was that about 40.5% say a love between the family members and 31.3% say health, respectively. The most factor of success in life was health.
15.Rural-urban migration was unavoidable in the national economic development proceeds. But the measure that deals successfully with the negative effect of rural socio-economy on the migration and removes the push factor of rural population within rural society, should be found out by agricultural policy-makers.
Accordingly, these measures should be included the preparation of agricultural mechnizaiton foundation, the settlement of the owned land system, the development of man power, the rural industrialization policy, and the promotion of rural welfare.
목차 (Table of Contents)