회칙＜노동하는 인간＞의 노동관 = Labor of Laborem Exercens

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Nowadays, labor is expressed not only as organized productive labor with various functions, but also as something which includes all fields in human life unlike previous times.
Now the word " labor ", does not indicate human activity no longer but indicates most forms of human activity. Nevertheless, the meaning and worth of labor is not still viewed correctly. Due to this lack of understanding, it is still difficult for laboring people to have pride in their work and it is not uncommon that the laboring people even evade some kinds of labor. Moreover, in spite of the popes'social teaching on labor, it is still thought among catholics that labor is not related to God's salvation.
Therefore, it is necessary to ask what the worth and purpose of labor is and what kinds of relation exist between human labor and God's salvation.
This thesis is an attempt to find an answer to that question in the " Laborem exercens " which is the encyclical letter of Pope John Paul 2 . Pope John Paul 2 pointed out that labor is the most essential matter in human society, convinced that human beings are the church's primary emphasis.
Main subject
According to the encyclical, human beings is not only exist but are called to do labor in the form of a laboring existence. Labor is one of many characteristics which distinguish humans from other creatures. Human labor, as a subject, is divided into a labor of subjective meaning and of objective meaning. The former means that human being carries out labor for perfection of himself as a free and subjective being in the concept that a human being is a personality God's image and the latter means that it can be said as all of instruments which help human labor, produced by human labor. So the encyclical emphasizes that the decisive basis is not on the kind of labor but on the fact of the worth of human being that it is a personality to do labor, focusing on the labor of the subjective aspect. Surely, human labor directly comes from personality whether it is self-labor or hired labor. Personality can be expressed through nature and it submits nature to its will. Human beings generally earn a living and work with brothers and serve his brothers through labor. And at the same time, he practices true love and helps to complete God's creation through labor.
This meaning of labor is expressed in the spirituality of labor. Traditionally, church has understood labor as a penance for sin. But as labor is human activity and its message of gospel is toward all mankind, we should find the special meaning of labor in the message of the gospel. In this meaning, the encyclical letter understands the spirituality of labor, which is taking part in the activity of the Creator in Christ's mystery of the Incarnation and in the mystery of Pascha. Human beings created according to the image of God were called to develop Creator's activity continuously within the limitation of human ability to find worth and source in a universal creation and complete the activity of creature. This kind of spirituality of labor is expressed in Christ's mystery of the Incarnation. Jesus himself has accomplished the gospel of labor through labor. For this reason Paul was proud of his labor and appreciated labor even through he was a apostle. Nevetheless the labor's difficulty is an unavoidable reality. So here we can see the spirituality of labor that is participating in Christ's passion, death and resurrection. In accordance with Christ who was crucified on the cross for us, we cooperate with the son of God for the salvation of all mankind by enduring the difficulty of labor.
Therefore labor, on the negative side, is ordered by the Creator and is needed for the survival of human beings at the same time. So it is recognized as a moral duty which human beings must perform. But on the positive side, it is understood not only as better for human beings but in participating in the salvation of Creator. In this meaning, the encyclical " Laborem Exercens emphasizes that human labor should not be treated as mere goods and furthermore, the labor should not be used to serve capital. On the other hand, capital should be used to serve labor. So the priority of labor over capital is the most important principle and main thing which can evaluate human society in the " Laborem Exercens "Nevertheless, there has been an exploitation of labor by capitalists in the real world, and the priority of capital over labor has been propagated in the world order.
Therefore, the encyclical " Laborem Exercens " insists that the laborer's right should be respected and the economic life in society should be changed into guaranteeing the priority of labor over capital. And it also says that it is the responsibility of the Church to fight for human dignity of labor and the laborer's recovery of right. in this light, the encyclical deals with the laborer's right in the field of human rights. The first thing which should be dealt with under laborer's right is the right to work. Because unemployment is the greatest evil to afflict humans, it actually could be the misfortune of society in some instances. And the next thing which should be considered under laborer's rights is a matter of participation of the company. Because it is possible for the laborer to reach his potential only when the laborer thinks of himself. as a co-owner in the working place. The ways the laborer can become part of the company are to receive a fair salary and through the labor union. The fair salary not only makes the laborer feel that he is participating in the welfare of the of company but shows a concrete way of the coproprietorship of the means of labor through the possession of stocks. Besides, a labor union is a way to preserve the laborer's right and to participate in the management and decision of company .Finally, the encyclical says about agricultural labor, handicapped labor, and immigrant labor which are urgent matters concerning the laborer's right.
It particurally states that the worth of labor should not be evaluated according only to economic law with the repect to the priority of labor over capital. Especially in Korea, relatively, if they recognize that the respect of agricultural labor, handicapped labor, and foreigner labor is rather indifferent, the importance of the encyclical will be seriously considered.
Conclusion
We need to presuppose the encyclical's teaching in asking the Korean Catholic Church how strong it feels about the vocation of labor and how well we understood and practiced the former popes' encyclical letters. The survey in 1991 by Korean Catholic Institute shows that 80% of the 158 people who responded have never read the encyclical and 55.3% of the responded people says that the reason for that is that there is no teaching about that in their parishes or that they don't feel the necessity to read.So now I will give some urgent suggestions as a substitute for the conclusions on the topic of labor.
1. There is a necessity to change attitudes. The Church should accept the matter of labor as a something necessary for the universal salvation of all human beings.
2. There is a necessity to reeducate Catholics about the social doctrine of Christ's teaching on humanization of labor at this time.
3. There is a necessity to train experts.
4. There should be a concern and observation about the spirituality of labor. Because the consideration of the spirituality of labor can reveal the essence of Christian
5. Church should give careful and urgent concern to laborers.
6. There is a necessity to be concerned about farmer, handicapped people, and foreign labor. The Church should not be indifferent to their rights with regard to human dignity.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 서론 = 1
• 1. 문제제기 = 1
• 2. 연구의 범위와 방법 = 2
• 제1장 <노동하는 인간>의 사상적 배경 = 6
• 제1절 회칙의 반포 = 6
• 제2절 회칙<노동하는 인간>의 접근방법 = 9
• 제3절 요한 바오로2세의 사상적 배경 = 15
• 제2장 회칙<노동하는 인간>의 노동관 = 21
• 제1절 노동에 대한 인간의 우위성 = 21
• 1.1. 노동자로서의 인간 = 22
• 1.2. 노동의 주체로서의 인간 = 26
• 제2절 노동의 가치 = 30
• 2.1. 노동과 인간의 존엄성 = 30
• 2.2. 노동과 사회:가정과 국가 = 34
• 제3절 자본에 대한 노동의 우위성 = 36
• 3.1. 노동과 자본의 투쟁역사 = 35
• 3.2. 노동과 소유권 = 44
• 제4절 노동의 영성 = 50
• 4.1. 창조주의 활동에 참여하는 노동 = 52
• 4.2. 그리스도 강생의 신비안에서의 노동 = 54
• 4.3. 빠스카의 신비에 참여하는 노동 = 58
• 제3장 노동자의 권리 = 62
• 제1절 직접 고용주와 간접 고용주 = 53
• 제2절 노동자의 일할 권리 = 67
• 제3절 노등자의 기업 참여 = 71
• 3.1. 정당한 임금를 받을 권리 = 74
• 3.2. 노동조합을 결성할 권리 = 80
• 제4절 몇 가지 긴급한 노동자의 권리 문제 = 86
• 4.1. 농업노동의 권리 문제 = 86
• 4.2. 장애자노동의 문제 = 90
• 4.3. 이민노동자의 문제 = 93
• 결론 = 98
• 노동문제의 올바른 이해를 위한 제언 = 103
• 참고문헌 = 112
• ABSTRACT = 118