韓國의 棉作 綿業經濟에 關한 硏究 : 日帝下 全南地域을 中心으로 = (A)study on the economic implications of cotton cultivation and its industry in Korea

국문 초록 (Abstract)

日帝下 韓國에서의 棉花增産政策은 植民地支配政策의 최우선과제로 실시되었던 것이기 때문에 棉花의 生産, 收買, 그리고 加工政策의 變化過程을 추적해 봄으로써 植民地 收奪政策의 性格을 규명하고 또 그러한 정책의 변화가 日帝下 韓國의 農業經濟와 棉花의 生産地인 全南과 木浦地域經濟에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는가를 파악하고자 하였다. 그리고 解放以後 援助原棉의 導入에 따른 國內棉作의 消滅過程과 棉作消滅의 經濟的 意味를 파악하여 오늘날 현안문제로 대두되어 있는 農産物의 全面的인 輸入開放이 야기할 農業의 問題點을 도출하고자 하는 것이 本 硏究가 의도하는 目的이다. 이러한 目的에 따라 수행한 硏究結果를 요약하면 다음과 같다.
1. 韓國産棉花가 1901年 木浦에서 처음으로 日本에 輸出된 이후 綿紡織業者들이 그 品質을 인정하게 되었고, 또한 1904年 日本領事 若松에 의해 木浦에서의 陸地棉試作의 結果가 아주 유망한 것으로 인정되어 紡織原棉의 新供給源을 찾기에 부심하고 있던 日本朝野의 관심을 끌게 되었다. 그리하여 1905年 日本은 官民合同으로 棉花栽培 協會를 창립하였는데 同協會의 趣意書에서 韓國을 자신의 綿紡織業의 발달을 위한 原棉의 供給地로 만들고 棉花輸入을 위해 流出되는 外貨를 줄여 貿易收支를 改善하고자 하였으며 또한 韓國을 그들의 綿織物市場으로 확보하겠다는 植民地收奪政策의 의도를 분명히 하고 있다.
2. 棉花栽培協會는 창립과 동시에 韓國에서의 棉花栽培에 관한 모든 業務를 관장하고 棉採種圃와 模範作圃를 설치하여 普及用種子를 확보함과 동시에 農民의 棉花栽培를 유도하였다. 그리고 日帝는 統監府勸業模範場 木浦出張所를 개설하여 棉花에 관한 試驗硏究事業을 담당케하였으며 또한 木浦에 繰綿工場을 건설하여 陸地棉種子를 확보하고 日本으로의 棉花輪出을 용이하게 하였다. 이와같이 日帝는 統監府時代에 棉花의 강제적인 栽培, 緣綿, 그리고 輸出을 위한 制度的 裝置를 마련하였다.
3. 한편, 日帝는 이를 바탕으로 자신의 棉花增産計劃을 추진하는 과정에서 合法性을 가장하기 위해 韓國政府를 앞에 내세웠으나 日帝의 棉花普及事業이 지니고 있는 侵略的·掠奪的 性格때문에 全南地域 官民의 抵抗이 일어날 수 밖에 없었다. 그러나 이러한 抵抗은 日帝의 武力앞에 침묵을 강요받게 되고 總督府時代의 棉花增産政策은 1期, 2期, 3期로 구분되어 추진되었다. 특히 日帝는 面積割當方式에 의해 棉作을 강요하였고 또한 생산된 棉花를 共販制라는 不等價的 强賣에 의해 收奪하였다.
4. 全南地域의 棉花生産은 特化되어 있었고 比較有利性을 갖고 있었기 때문에 農業과 工業이 相互關聯性을 가지면서 발전할 수 있었다. 그것은 木浦地域에서 繰綿業이 크게 성행하였다는 데서도 증명된다. 반면에 全南地域의 棉花生産量과 共販量은 어느 지역보다 많기때문에 棉作農家는 强制的인 生産과 共販制에 의해 더욱 收奪당하는 結果를 초래하였고 農家所得도 不安定할 수 밖에 없었다.
5. 全南이나 木浦地域의 工業은 대부분 農水産物을 가공하는 것이고 또한 日本人이 所有한 공장도 역시 米穀이나 棉花를 加工하는 것이다. 따라서 이 당시 이 지역의 工業은 植民地資源收奪型의 전형적인 것이라 할 수 있기 때문에 이러한 工業의 발달은 全南地域의 農業의 發達이나 農家經濟의 向上과는 전혀 관계가 없다. 그리고 木浦港을 통하여 輸出된 상품은 주로 米穀과 繰綿인데 이러한 상품은 모두 植民地收奪 政策의 대상이다. 따라서 木浦港은 이러한 상품을 加工하고 輸出하므로서 地域經濟發展을 지속하였으나 日本植民地의 窓口로 日本의 韓國經濟收奪의 일익을 담당하게 되는 民族史的 逆機能을 하기도 하였다.
6. 8·15解放과 더불어 국산면의 생산은 급격히 줄어들고 外棉의 導入이 늘어남에 따라 우리나라 綿紡織業은 완전히 外棉(특허 美國棉) 依存的이 되었다. 그리하여 면화의 생산량은 더욱 감소하였는데 그 원인은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 수매가격이 생산비를 보장하지 못하여 농민의 생산의욕이 고취되지 못하였다. 둘째, 저렴한 援助原棉導入으로 국산면의 수요기피현상이 초래되었다. 셋째, 실면을 농민으로부터 수집하여 면방직업자에 인도하는 중간역을 담당하던 각지의 繰綿業者의 가격조작과 농간이다. 넷째, 政府의 과대계획과 정책의 부재이다. 다섯째, 美國의 原棉援助政策에 의해 國産棉生産이 위축되었다. 특히 제1차 면화증산 및 수급 5개년계획의 시작년도인 1953년 美國援助計劃에서 原棉資金策定을 일시적으로 보류하는 결과를 초래하였는데, 이것은 면화증산을 못하게 하여 棉花의 未來市場確保를 위한 미국원조정책의 성격을 보여준 것이라 할 수 있다.
이와같이 外國原棉의 導入이 증대됨에 따라 紡織業은 크게 발달하게 되고 雇傭도 증대되었으나 國內의 棉花生産은 萎縮될 수 밖에 없었고 그로말미암아 棉花栽培에 配分되었던 農業資源은 다른 用途로 이용되지 않아 農業資源의 遊休化를 초래할 수 밖에 없었다. 그리고 木浦地域에서 棉花의 流通과 加工産業이 쇠퇴되어 木浦地域經濟가 정체되는 하나의 요인이 되었다.
棉花의 輸入에 의해 우리나라 農村에서 棉花의 生産이 근절된 史實에서 알 수 있는 바와같이 오늘날 심각히 論難되고 있는 農産物의 全面的인 輸入開放이 이뤄질 때 그것이 우리 農業에 미칠 수 있는 충격은 실로 크다하지 않을 수 없는 바 棉花의 消滅이 보여준 敎訓을 토대로 農産物輸入開故에 대처해야 할 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Such industries as production, processing and marketing of cotton had played an important rule to a degree that almost had regional economy of Mokpo under the role of Japanese imperialism. Because cultivation, spread, production, joint sale, processing and export of American up-land cotton had been prevalent centering around Mokpo. But regional economy of Mokpo could not but to decrease as cotton related industries shrank with the decline of cotton cultivation since the 1945 liberation of Korea. In consideration of this, the study was carried out to discover why cotton cultivation was developed centering around Mokpo region, what effect it exerted to regional economy and why it disappeared since the 1945 liberation. But the character of colonial economy needs to be examined closely according to change of policy for production, purchase and processing of cotton as the program for increasing cotton output under the imperialist Japan was executed to control the colony. And this study was tried out to find out agricultural problems releted with all-out import liberalization of farm products grasping the process of disappearance of cotton cultivation and its economic meanings.
The major results of this study could be summarized as follows:
1. Cotton spinning industry in imperialist Japan had been the most important one in the national economy. But production of cotton had been more and more decreased. This had at last made Japanese not only to import the whole quantity of cotton but to flow out foreign currency and to face instability of supply 1890. Thus imperialist Japan had forced Korea to cultivate cotton to solve these problems as a part of a colonial policy.
2. Since cotton cultivated in Korea was firstly exported form Mokpo to Japan in 1901, cotton spinners of Japan have regarded it as not only excellent quality but also products bringing rosy prospects. Thus Japan organized cotton cultivator's Association by the united efforts of government & people and the same Association tried to make Korea a source of supply of cotton to promote the development of spinning & weaving industry in 1905 and to lessen the outflow of foreign currency which was to pay for foreign cotton.
3. This Association that had charge of cotton business of Korea established a field for cotton seed-raising to secure seed for spreading and forced Korean farmers to cultivate it. And it constructed ginnery in Mokpo for the purpose of guaranteeing American up-land cotton seed and making short work of export of cotton.
4. The temporary superintendant's office for cotton cultivation was renamed the Mokpo branch of the Japanese Government-General of Korea for encouragement of cotton cultivation with the Japanese annexation of Korea. It took charge of all business affairs on cotton cultivation. And then the governor-general proclaimed the 8th instruction which became foundation of cotton cultivation policy, and forced korean farmers to cultivate cotton. With this a concrete program for increasing cotton output was made by being divided into the 1st, 2nd and 3rd term.
5. The objective during the 1st term(1912∼1919) was to enlarge the planted acreage to 120 thousand ha and to uplift cotton output to 1.15 million geun(斤), 2nd term (1919∼1928) was to enlarge 250 thousand ha and uplift 250 million geun(斤), and 3rd term(1933∼1942) was to enlarge 350 thousand ha and uplift 420 million geun(斤).
6. The production of cotton had continuously increased with rise & fall year by year. And the demand of cotton had constantly increased with the development of cotton spinning industry. While an excess of export of cotton since 1926, there had been an excess of import of cotton since 1931. Especially ginned cotton and raw cotton commanded an overwhelming majority of cotton export, but on the other hand beated cotton covered a little. The bulk of ginned cotton was exported to Japan through Mokpo Harbor or Pusan and beated cotton to Manchuria.
7. Imperialist Japan forced Korean farmers to grow cotton and exploited them by joint sale system. This system gave only Japanese the privilege to become purchasers. In particular the most serious problem of joint sale system was the price. The standard price of Joint Sale was decided by American cotton price in Osaka market without considenation of economic condition of Korean farmers, price of other farm products and demand and supply of market. Such various costs as freight rates to Osaka, cotton ginning cost and stevedoring charges was excluded from standard price and imposed on farmers.
8. The reason why Imperialist Japan forced korean farmers to grow cotton though the rate of joint sale of being prior to 1933 was not high and consumption rate of Korean cotton in Japan was very low was because cotton was a cash crop that could buy Japanese goods. The wartime self-sufficient structure in the 1930's and difficulty of raw cotton security etc, made the rate of joint sale of cotton high. It is customary for manufacturing industry to develop where raw-cotton is cultivated. In fact cotton ginning industry had been developed centering around Mokpo Harbor that was experiment station of American up-land cotton since cotton ginning was established in Mokpo 1906. Of course the objective of establishment of cotton ginning in Korea was to secure cotton seed to collect cotton and to export it to Japan that was to exploit a colony.
9. Cotton spinning industry can be devided into 3 stages according to a colonial policy. The first stage was the period of suppression ; the imperialist Japan suppressed Korean industries to protect its own. Therefore cotton spinning industry of Korea was trifling. The second stage was the period of allurement of industry ; Kyung-sung and Chosun cotton spinning companies were established as a result of encouraging industry to provide raw material. The third stage was the period of the 1930's cotton spinning industry in Korea was remarkably developed in consequence of establishment of armament factories to supply war materials. But this development of cotton spinning industry was accomplished not by the Koreans' demand but by the supply of war materials or the pursuit of profits of industrial capitalist
10. Cotton cultivation under the rule of Japanese imperialism was compulsorily driven forward advocation the improvement of farm house economy. The results were as follows ; the rate of agriculture in GNP under the rule of Japanese imperialism was decreased, but the weight of cotton in national economy or agricultural economy was no decreased. From this viewpoint cotton must have been a growing crop. Increase of cotton cultivation area and production in those days rested on not so much that of cotton cultivation area per farm as that of the number of cotton farms and resulted from encouragement of policy rather than incentive of pursuit of profits. If cotton cultivation had made considerable profits, cotton cultivation area per farm would continously have increased.
11. Imperialist Japan propagandized that cotton cultivation was more profitable than soybean and italian millet. If it were been true, the production of soybean and italian millet would have been shrunken to a degree of minimum for only self-consumption and cotton cultivation area enlarged as much as area reduced. Many farmhouses had engaged in cotton cultivation through encouragement to be incorporated in monetary and exchange economy. But farm economy had become more unstable owing to joint sale system. Namely, farmers could not help being damaged by agressive selling and manipulation of weight and grade through joint sale system and farm economy could not but to be unstable.
12. American up-land cotton under the rule of Japanese imperialism was cultivated for the first time in Mokpo area and its cultivation was prevalent centering around Chonnam area, the result of which was as follows ; Agriculture and industry were able to be developed by reciprocal relation because cotton production was specialized and had a comparative advantage. But the farmers of Chonnam area were more exploited by forced production and joint sale system and farm income was more unstable than the others, because cotton production and the mount of joint sale of Chonnam area was much more than those of the others.
13. The industry of Mokpo or Chonnam area was being engaged in processing agriculture, forestry and fishing products and factories that was owned by Japanese also in processing cotton and rice. Accordingly the development of industry at that time in this area had nothing to do with agricultural development of Chonnam area and improvement of farm economy owing to colonial exploitation policy. Meanwhile the period of loan for related products with cotton and of collection for joint sale of cotton was in accord with each other in Dec. and Jan. according to loaned money per month by Mokpo Credit cooperative, which shows that financial capital supported industrial capitalist of Japan directly or indirectly to exploit colony in consideration of approved purchaser being Japanesse companies.
14. Exported goods torough Mokpo were mainly rice & ginned cotton which were object of colonial exploitation policy. Therefore Mokpo Harhor continued to develop regional economy by processing and exporting these kinds of goods but also took charge of counterfunction to make Japan exploit Korean economy.
15. As the production of domestic cotton was abruptly decreased and the import of foreign cotton was increased with the 1945 liberation of Korea, cotton spinning industry was dependent on completely foreign cotton (especially American cotton). Since raw cotton aid was introduced by GARIOA fund for the 1st time in 1947 when we had established 3-year plan for increasing cotton production from 1949 to 1952, which was not effective because of Korean war in 1950. Since that, although five-year plan for incereasing cotton production came into effect from 1953 to 1966, the production of cotton was more & more decreaied. The cause of which are as follows ;
① Farmers' willingness to produce was not inspired because purchasing price didn't secure production cost.
② The phenomenon of demand evasion of domestic cotton was brought about owing to cheap imported cotton.
③ Cotton ginning traders who collected seed cotton from farmers and handed over to businessmen fabricated the price.
④ The excessive plan and absence of policy of government.
⑤ The production of domestic cotton was decreased by aid plan of America.
16. While the production of domestic cotton was decreased, the spinning and weaving industry was greatly developed and employment was increased. The production of domestic cotton could not help being decresaed owing to the introduction of American raw cotton and the idleness of agricuitural resources could not but to be brought about owing to the absence of transfer of resources. Farm economy was more and more decreased because farm houses could not produce other kind of cotton as a side job with cotton production.
17. The production of domestic cotton in our country was rooted out by imported cotton. If the import of agricultural products be liberalized as the cotton, whose extending effect to agriculture will be as follows ;
① Import liberalization of agricultural products will be about a sharp decline of farm price and farm income.
② It will limit the scope of choosing crops to cultivate. Especially the production of crops that do not pay off will be decreased and pay off increased, which will cause overproduction and abrupt price drop and bring the idlness of agricultural resources. Above all things, if agricultural products that is raw materials of industry are dependent upon foreign countries, it will me agriculture and indust separate each other and cann't then not only have interindustrial effect but also raise value added by manufacturing.
③ On account of this, the number of farmers who give up farming will be more & more increased. And agriculture will fade away all the more.
The above are the gists of this study and the most difficult thing during the process of this study is lack of historical consciousness that can take a general view of Korean economy under the rule of Japanese imperialist. I could not but to acknowledge the limit of my ablility to understand colonial economy on the whole as the program for increasing cotton output was carried out from a part of policy to rule over colony. I can not help acknowledging that this study have not undertaken on the basis of complete understanding of national or agricultual economy in studying cotton ciltivation since the 1945 liberation. But I would like to hope that this study should be arranged data in this field and a stepping stone for next study.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 表目次
• 그림目次
• 抄錄 = 1
• 第1章 序論 = 5
• 第1節 硏究意義 = 5
• 第2節 硏究目的 = 6
• 第3節 先行硏究와 硏究範圍 = 7
• 第2章 日帝下 棉花奬勵政策의 背景 = 11
• 第1節 世界의 紡績工業과 紡績原棉問題 = 11
• 第2節 日本의 原棉需給實態 = 12
• 第3節 棉花增産奬勵의 背景 = 16
• 第3章 統監府時代의 棉花試作과 그 展開 = 19
• 第1節 陸地棉의 試作 = 19
• 第2節 棉花栽培協會의 創立과 陸地棉의 再試作 = 20
• 第3節 棉花栽培協會의 棉作奬勵 = 23
• 第4節 統監府의 勸業模範場과 臨時棉花栽培所 = 25
• 第5節 大韓帝國政府의 繰綿工場建設 = 26
• 第6節 陸地棉栽培奬勵와 官民의 抵抗 = 28
• 第4章 總督府의 棉花栽培奬勵政策 = 35
• 第1節 陸地棉栽培奬勵와 勸業模範場 = 35
• 第2節 第1期 棉作奬勵計劃 = 36
• 第3節 第2期 棉作奬勵計劃 = 47
• 第4節 第3期 棉花增産計劃 = 53
• 第5節 棉花의 供給과 需要 = 59
• 第5章 棉花의 去來制度 = 65
• 第1節 棉花의 去來方法 = 65
• 第2節 棉花共同販賣制度의 變遷 = 70
• 第3節 棉花共同販賣制 實施의 本格化 = 75
• 第4節 等級別價格制下 共販의 强制性과 그 實績 = 80
• 第5節 繰綿業者와 輸出先과의 去來 = 85
• 第6節 繰綿檢査制의 實施 = 91
• 第6章 棉花關聯工業의 發達 = 93
• 第1節 繰綿工業의 發達 = 93
• 第2節 綿紡織工業의 發達 = 98
• 第3節 棉實의 加工事業 = 104
• 第7章 棉作과 農業經濟 = 109
• 第1節 棉作과 農業生産構造變化 = 109
• 第2節 棉作綿業과 農家勞動力의 利用 = 115
• 第3節 棉作과 農家經濟 = 118
• 第4節 線布의 生産과 農家經濟 = 122
• 第8章 棉花와 地域經濟 = 127
• 第1節 全南地域의 棉花生産構造變化 = 127
• 第2節 全南地域의 棉花生産量과 共同販賣量 = 128
• 第3節 全南地域의 棉關聯工業 = 130
• 第4節 木浦의 棉關聯産業과 金融市場 = 135
• 第5節 木浦港의 貿易構造와 棉花 = 135
• 第9章 解放以後 援助原棉의 導入과 國內棉作의 萎縮 = 143
• 第1節 棉花需給構造의 變化 = 143
• 第2節 援助原棉의 導入 = 144
• 第3節 國內棉花生産萎縮의 實態 = 152
• 第4節 棉花生産萎縮의 原因 = 158
• 第5節 解放以後 棉作綿業의 經濟的含意 = 163
• 第10章 要約 및 結論 = 171
• 參考文獻 = 177
• 英文抄錄 = 181
• 附表 = 189