제주도 신석기문화 연구 = A Study on the Neolithic Culture of Jeju Island

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 글은 제주도 신석기문화의 시기구분, 생업, 주거체계 및 구조 등을 유물과 유구의 분석을 통해 살펴보았다. 토기의 변화양상을 통해 시기구분하고 석기의 시기별 조성양상을 파악하여 당시 생업을 추정하였다. 그리고 유적에서 조사된 유구의 분석을 통해 당시 주거체계 및 사회구조에 대해 고찰하였다. 이러한 유물과 유구에서 확인되는 제주도 신석기문화의 특징을 고산리문화, 섬, 자연환경이라는 범주를 통해 찾고자 하였다.
먼저 Ⅱ장에서는 시기별 토기문화의 전개양상을 파악하였다. 초창기단계의 고산리양식은 유기물혼입흔토기, 무문양토기, 압날점열문토기로 구성된다. 그 중에서도 고산리식토기로 알려진 유기물혼입흔토기는 대부분 직립구연발형토기이며 호형토기는 확인되지 않는다. 압날점열문토기는 평행선문, 삼각집선문, 거치문, 사격자문, 之자문, 능형문 등의 문양형태가 구획 복합문 형태로 시문된다. 초창기 단계의 토기 변화양상은 2단계로 설정할 수 있지만 대부분 1기로 편년된다.
조기단계 동삼동양식의 융기문토기는 고산리유적을 비롯하여 다수의 유적에서 출토되고 있지만 토기를 비롯한 유물의 수량이나 유적의 규모면에서 초창기 단계보다 현저히 축소되었다. 남해안지역 편년안 중 2기~4기의 융기문토기만 확인되며 융대문토기보다 융선문토기의 출토비율이 높다. 4기의 융기문토기의 연대는 전기의 1기에 해당된다.
영선동식토기는 3단계의 변화양상이 확인되는데 1기는 자돌문계토기 위주로 구성된다. 2기는 압인횡주어골문토기 중심으로 능형집선문, 삼각집선문, 사격자문, 조압문 등의 다양한 문양형태와 구순각목문이 복합문으로 시문된다. 3기는 횡주어골문이 퇴화하여 수직문으로 시문되며 기형도 변화한다.
후·말기단계의 봉계리식토기와 이중구연토기는 옹형이나 직립발형, 천발형의 기형으로 확인된다. 깔대기형토기와 파수부토기도 확인된다. 후기단계는 동남해안지역의 수가리2식토기 보다는 낙동강 이서의 남부내륙과 서남부지역에 분포하는 봉계리식토기의 영향을 받아 전개된다. 기존에 후기단계로 편년되었던 북촌리식토기는 말기단계로 판단되며 삼각점열문토기를 주문양으로 하지만 원형, 타원형, 사각형, 죽관형 등의 다양한 점열문양이 횡대배열, 사선배열(교차배열), 수직배열되어 시문된다.
제주도 신석기시대 토기문화는 남해안지역의 토기문화와 유사하게 전개되지만 초창기단계의 고산리양식 토기문화와 중기단계 태선침선문토기의 부재가 가장 큰 특징으로 확인된다.
Ⅲ장에서는 석기분석을 통해 시기별 변화양상을 파악하고 생업양상을 추론하였다. 초창기단계에는 다양한 기종과 기능의 석기가 제작되는데 다양한 형태의 석촉과 갈돌, 갈판이 가장 특징적인 석기라 할 수 있다. 수렵구인 석촉과 첨두기의 비중이 매우 높아 다양한 동물을 대상으로 수렵활동을 하였던 것으로 판단된다. 또한 다양한 형태의 갈돌과 갈판은 생업경제에서 채집활동의 비중이 상당히 높았음을 알 수 있다.
조기단계에는 수렵구가 급감하고 새롭게 어망추가 확인된다. 석기의 비중은 석재가공구와 식료가공구가 중심이 되지만 초창기에 비해 석기 수량 및 조합양상이 급격히 축소된다. 전기단계에서는 석재가공구․ 목재가공구인 마제석부와 지석이 일부 유적에서만 확인된다. 수렵구는 확인되지 않으며 어로구인 어망추는 확인되지만 수량이 매우 적다. 조·전기단계 석기의 비중은 식료가공구가 높게 나타난다. 후‧말기단계 역시 수렵구는 확인되지 않지만 어로구로 결합식조침과 골각기인 빗창 등이 제작되는데 패총유적의 증가와 부합된다. 그리고 지석과 대형 굴지구인 타제석부가 다수 확인된다. 조·전기에는 수렵채집활동 뿐만 아니라 일부 패총유적을 통해 어로활동이 이루어졌다, 후·말기에는 어로활동이 활발히 진행되면서 패총유적이 증가하며 타제석부의 수량으로 볼 때 초기농경의 도입 가능성도 배제할 수 없다.
Ⅳ장에서는 지금까지 제주도에서 확인된 유구의 분석을 통해 시기별 유구의 축조양상과 주거체계를 비롯한 유적 간 네트워크를 고찰하였다. 특히 가장 주목되는 고산리유적의 수혈주거지를 분석한 결과 유구로서 진정성이 부정됨에 따라 신석기시대 정주취락은 형성되지 않았던 것으로 파악된다. 제주도 신석기시대 주거체계는 적석유구와 소토유구 등 야외노지와 수혈유구 위주의 유구 축조 양상과 동굴유적의 점유 등 시기별 유구의 축조변화가 확인되었다. 초창기에는 고산리유적을 비롯한 본거지유적 중심으로 이동캠프와 중산간생업유적, 생업공간이 확인된다. 조·전기단계에는 이동성이 높은 무시설야외노지가 주로 축조되며 본거지유적의 규모도 축소된다. 후·말기단계에는 유적의 수가 늘어나는데 본거지유적 뿐만 아니라 패총유적도 증가한다. 유구도 집석식 야외노지가 주로 축조되며 제주 전지역으로 유적이 확산되는 양상이 확인된다. 각 시기별 유적의 분포양상은 권역별로 확인되는데 서부권역, 북부권역, 동부권역으로 크게 구분된다.
Ⅴ장에서는 제주도 신석기문화의 특징을 고산리문화, 섬, 자연환경이라는 카테고리를 통해 살펴보았다. 초창기 단계의 유일한 고산리문화의 형성배경은 강정동유적의 세석핵이나 고산리유적의 석촉과 첨두기로 볼 때 한반도 남부지역의 후기구석기시대 세석인문화와 연관성을 찾을 수 있다. 그리고 섬 안에서의 수렵채집 생활을 위한 고산리양식토기 와 다양한 형태의 석촉 갈돌, 갈판 등의 석기가 제작되었다고 할 수 있다. 또한 고산리유적의 성격은 유적 인근에 위치한 차귀도에서 석재를 채취하기 위한 교두보인 동시에 석기제작소로 확인된다.
제주도 신석기문화는 초창기의 고산리문화가 형성되기도 하지만 중기 태선침선문토기가 전혀 확인되지 않는 등 남해안지역과 유사하면서도 상이한 양상으로 전개된다. 이러한 점은 바다에 둘러싸인 섬이라는 지리적인 특성과 홀로세 기간에 매우 활발했던 화산활동, 기후변화 등의 영향이 있었던 것으로 추정된다. 섬에서 나타나는 외부와의 교류, 고립 등에 의해 다양한 양상으로 전개되었음을 알 수 있다.
결론적으로 제주도의 신석기문화는 외부와의 지속적인 교류를 통해 성립되는데 한반도 남부지역(남해안)과의 밀접한 관계가 확인된다. 그리고 섬이라는 지리적 특성과 화산활동, 기후변화와 같은 자연환경의 영향에 의해 다양한 양상으로 신석기문화는 전개되었다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말 ······································································································· 1
• 1. 선행연구 검토 ···························································································· 2
• 1) 고산리문화 ······························································································· 2
• 2) 토기 연구 ································································································· 8
• 3) 생업 연구 ······························································································· 11
• 2. 연구목적과 방향 ························································································ 12
• Ⅱ. 제주도 신석기시대 토기 전개 양상 ··························································· 15
• 1. 초창기 – 토기의 등장 ··············································································· 15
• 1) 초창기 설정 ···························································································· 15
• 2) 유적 현황 ······························································································· 24
• 3) 초창기 토기의 분류와 특징 ······································································· 25
• 4) 초창기 토기의 편년 ················································································· 35
• 2. 조기 – 남해안과의 교류 ············································································ 41
• 1) 유적 현황과 유물의 공반 양상 ·································································· 41
• 2) 융기문토기의 형식 분류 ··········································································· 44
• 3) 융기문토기의 전개 양상 ··········································································· 50
• 4) 융기문토기의 특징 ··················································································· 63
• 3. 전기 – 지속과 단절 ··················································································· 66
• 1) 남해안 영선동식토기의 검토 ····································································· 66
• 2) 유적 현황 ······························································································· 69
• 3) 제주도 영선동식토기 ················································································ 72
• 4) 영선동식토기의 전개 양상 ········································································ 81
• 4. 후·말기 – 교류의 재개와 변화 ···································································· 85
• 1) 형식 분류 ······························································································· 85
• 2) 유적 현황과 유물의 공반 양상 ·································································· 91
• 3) 후·말기 토기의 전개 양상 ······································································· 104
• 4) 후·말기 토기의 특징 ··············································································· 106
• 5. 소결 – 제주도 신석기 토기문화 ································································ 110
• 1) 초창기 ·································································································· 110
• 2) 조기 ····································································································· 112
• 3) 전기 ····································································································· 113
• 4) 후·말기 ································································································· 115
• Ⅲ. 석기분석을 통한 생업 양상 검토 ···························································· 119
• 1. 석기의 분류 방법 ···················································································· 119
• 1) 소재 및 제작기술에 따른 분류 ································································ 120
• 2) 기능 및 용도에 의한 분류 ······································································· 122
• 2. 석기의 기종별 분석 ················································································· 123
• 1) 수렵구 ·································································································· 123
• 2) 어로구 ·································································································· 126
• 3) 채집·농경구 ··························································································· 128
• 4) 식료가공구 ···························································································· 130
• 5) 가공구 ·································································································· 135
• 6) 기타(장신구) ·························································································· 140
• 3. 시기별 석기의 변화와 생업 양상 ······························································· 141
• 1) 시기별 석기 검토 ··················································································· 141
• 2) 석기조성과 생업 ···················································································· 161
• Ⅳ. 유적 성격과 주거체계 ············································································· 172
• 1. 유구 현황 ······························································································· 174
• 1) 주거지 ·································································································· 175
• 2) 수혈유구 ······························································································· 182
• 3) 야외노지 ······························································································· 184
• 4) 구상유구 ······························································································· 188
• 2. 유구의 문제점 검토 및 변화 양상 ····························································· 190
• 1) 유구별 문제점 검토 ················································································ 190
• 2) 시기별 유구의 변화 양상 ········································································ 207
• 3. 유적의 성격과 주거체계 ··········································································· 210
• 1) 제주도 신석기시대 유구의 특징 ······························································· 210
• 2) 유적의 성격 및 주거체계 ········································································ 211
• Ⅴ. 제주도 신석기문화의 특징 ······································································ 225
• 1. 섬에 형성된 초창기문화 ··········································································· 225
• 1) 고산리문화의 형성 배경 ·········································································· 225
• 2) 고산리유적의 성격 ················································································· 229
• 2. 섬과 교류 ······························································································· 234
• 1) 남해안지역 섬의 유적 현황과 양상 ·························································· 234
• 2) 섬의 교류 ····························································································· 241
• 3. 문화의 단절 · 지속 ·················································································· 248
• 1) 태선침선문토기문화의 부재와 화산활동 ···················································· 248
• 2) 기후변화와 신석기문화 변동 ··································································· 255
• Ⅵ. 맺음말 ···································································································· 261
• 참고문헌 ········································································································ 264
• Abstract ······································································································· 277