조선전기 生前預修齋 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Purification Ritual of Before Death(生前豫修齋, hereinafter called the Purification Ritual) is one of Buddhist rituals performed in order to get a peaceful death without intermediate stage by performing purification rites in advance while one is alive and practising virtuous deeds. The Purification Ritual is called one of three big Buddhist purification rites in our country along with Suryukjae and Yeongsanjae. It has characteristically distinct contents from the other two rituals and yet research on its history has not been done enough actually.
Bulseol Yesu Siwang Saengchilgyeong related with the Purification Ritual - underlies the basic concept that afterworld exists and one is set to be judged by one's karma of former life. It assumes religious structure that during the intermediate stage after one's death, judgment is to be done by Ten Kings and their subordinates at underworld's governing site.
According to rebirth story of Mangdeoksa Temple's priest Seonyul recorded at The Heritage of the Three States, period before and after the unification of three states already saw the prevalence of basic concepts of underworld's governing site and ritual of Cheondojae. Faith in Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva who plays a major role at the Purification Ritual already emerged from around the 7th Century in our country and as Ksitigarbha faith thereafter developed as one axis of the country's Buddhist faith, belief in virtue-cultivating(or purification) before death is likely to have been known along with the expansion of Ksitigarbha faith.
Bulseol Yesu Siwang Saengchilgyeong was compiled in China around the 9th Century and is deemed to have been introduced to Goryeo relatively early. Through Kim Chi-yang's foundation records of Siwangsa Temple, faith in Ten Kings was formed by the time of late 10th Century to early 11th Century.
The study analyzed records thereafter: foundation of Siwangdang at Heungboksa Temple in 1102(King Sukjong 7th year); praying at Siwangsa Temple in 1146(King Injong 24th year); preparation of The Previous Ten Kings by the priest Zheng Ao during King Chungseon's reign. In doing so, the study was able to confirm the existence of faith in Ten Kings during the Goryeo Dynasty. And this period also saw the formation of Cheondojae in the form of 10 days ritual a month around the 10th Century, which was also affected by Bulseol Yesu Siwang Saengchilgyeong.
Along with the start of intervention by China’s Yuan Dynasty during the latter part of Goryeo, nationwide Buddhist ceremonies for national defense sharply decreased and instead changed mainly around faith for individual blessings and Cheondojae. This trend might have been connected to Buddhists' attention to Purification Ritual that had more multiple characters of wishing than other Buddhist rituals. Attention to Cheondojae was connected to popularity of Suryukjae and the formation of Yeongsanjae during the former part of Joseon, affecting the formation of the Purification Ritual as well. Influenced by Ch'ŏnji Myŏngyang Suryukjaeŭi Chanyo(ritual manual of Suryukjae), Yesu Siwang Saengchiljaeŭi Chanyo(預修十王生七齋儀纂要, ritual manual of the Purification Ritual) was compiled in the former part of Joseon.
Bulseol Yesu Siwang Saengchilgyeong had eight publications in the former part of Joseon, while its ritual manual, Yesu Siwang Saengchiljaeŭi Chanyo had four editions passed down. Compilation of ritual manuals means rituals were actually carried out and played a role of systematizing ritual procedures of the Purification Ritual.
And then the study examined the performing aspects of the Purification Ritual in the former part of Joseon. According to the records in 1428(King Sejong 10th year), rituals for Ten Kings were performed from King Taejo's reign at Seokwangsa Temple. Rituals for Ten Kings at Seokwangsa Temple took place since around the reconstruction and were maintained until King Sejong's 10th year when articles of reforming given land appeared. Rituals for Ten Kings at Seokwangsa Temple are highly likely to be the starting form of the Purification Ritual. King Sejong's reign witnessed offering to Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva and Ten Kings, nationwide creation of paintings of Ten Kings as well as the popularity of faith in Ten Kings among people.
The study could learn of performing aspects of the Purification Ritual from Sobeonjae articles in 1518(King Jungjong 13th year). Sobeonjae, which took place at Sangwonsa Temple, Wonju, was a ritual for Ten Kings. It has plenty of similar aspects with ritual procedures of Yesu siwang saengchiljae ŭi chanyo and its decoration for Buddhist service was also similar to the current Purification Ritual. Therefore, the study judged Sobeonjae would be the Purification Ritual.
During King Myeongjong's reign, the Purification Ritual was performed by the priest Bo-woo at Cheongpyeongsa Temple as per the wishes of royal women including Queen Munjeong. At the time, paintings of Ksitigarbha and Ten Kings were drawn at Cheongpyeongsa Temple to wish for long lives of the royal family.
During King Seonjo's reign, painting of 18 Hells Controlled by Ksitigarbha and Ten Kings was drawn to enshrine it at Jasugung Palace, where Buddhists wished for heavenly bliss of the dead and good fortune of the living by belief in Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva and Ten Kings underworld. Painting of Ksitigarbha and Ten Kings stored at Kokubunji, Japan was drawn by ordinary people, telling us that after drawing Buddhist paintings, purification rites and Suryukjae were performed. Along the way, the study found that cases of combining. purification rites with other Buddhist rituals had continued to appear in the latter part of Joseon.
The study estimated that rituals for Ten Kings at Seokwangsa Temple during King Taejo-Sejong's reigns were the initial form of the Purification Ritual, and the system of the Purification Ritual was established in terms of ritual procedures and decoration for Buddhist service eventually by means of Sobeonjae during King Jungjong's reign. Following the holding of purification rite for Ten Kings at Cheongpyeongsa Temple during King Myeongjong’s reign, the Purification Ritual was assumed to have established itself as one of faiths in good deeds.
Belief in the Purification Ritual during the former part of Joseon unfolded mainly by royal women and was related with performance of the Purification Ritual and production of paintings of Ksitigarbha and Ten Kings.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서론 1
• 제1절 연구목적 1
• 제2절 연구내용 및 방법 8
• 제2장 생전예수재의 성립배경 11
• 제1절 생전예수재의 신앙적 구조 11
• 제2절 생전예수재 신앙의 형성 13
• 제3절 여말선초 불교신앙의 변화와 천도재의 유행 25
• 제3장 생전예수재 의례집의 확산과 의례절차의 정비 38
• 제1절 『불설예수시왕생칠경』의 수용과 간행 38
• 제2절 『예수시왕생칠재의찬요』의 편찬과 의례절차의 정비 48
• 제4장 조선전기 생전예수재의 설행과 양상 57
• 제1절 태조-세종대 시왕재의 개최와 시왕도의 유행 57
• 제2절 중종대 왕실불사와 소번재의 개최 66
• 제3절 명종대 불교중흥과 예수시왕재의 개최 76
• 제4절 선조대 예수재와 수륙재의 합설 88
• 제5장 결론 96
• 참고문헌 101
• ABSTRACT 109