경주지역 5~6세기 수혈식석곽묘 연구 = A study on stone-lined pit burial in Gyeongju in the 5th to 6th century

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article examined the present distribution of stone-lined pit burial (竪穴式石槨墓) in the area focusing on stone-lined pit burial in Gyeongju and the temporal and spatial aspects of development and characteristics by analyzing the structures and excavated relics of the historic sites Gyeongju is largely divided into the inland area and the east coast area according to geological and geographical conditions and the distribution of stone-lined pit burial relics. And the inland area can again be divided into the center, the north, the west, the south, the southeast, and the southwest area. Most of relics are located in the entrance or corner of the major traffic routes and at the same time,by connecting big and small rivers to them.
The concepts of stone-lined pit burial set by the article are as follows: First, if face stones themselves are built systematically through the masonry techniques, Second, if parts of edges keep a series of angles (角) such as right angles or being no angle, Third, if capstones (蓋石) are checked or it's the face stone structures that capstones can be put on the top of face stones through the masonry technique even though they are not checked, Finally, Fourth, if stiffening stones are additionally installed to keep the solidity of face stones and it is judged that the stiffening stones' intention to keep the solidity of face stones is certain, the relics were finally judged to
be stone-lined pit burial. The analytical subjects of the article are total 147 units. For the structures of the historic sites, the 5 structure attributes of the size, plane shapes, the existence and placement of burial chambers (副槨), the existence and installation forms of floor facilities, and masonry techniques of blocks of stone (石材) and flagstones (板石) were examined. Among them, the share of specific detailed attributes have
found to be the biased aspects with regard to the characteristics of the size, plane shape, burial chambers, blocks of stone, and flagstones. On the contrary, the classification of floor facilities is different from the previous structural aspects as the share of the 4 detailed attributes among the 5 attributes have found to be comparatively uniform. For the analysis on excavated relics, the aspects of the combination of relics and burial styles were largely examined. The excavated relics mostly consist of earthenware (土器) and small quantities of metals including wearing types of accessories, weapons (武器), harness (馬具), conveniences (利器), etc. have been checked. First, the aspects of the combination of relics could be classified into total 13 things according to the type of the excavated relics. And the aspects of burial styles of relics could finally be classified into total 12 detailed attributes according to positions of plane burial chambers and types of the relics and positions of burial chambers by type. Stone-lined pit burial in Gyeongju can be classified into 5 aspects of development (Appearance phase, development phase, prevalence phase I, prevalence phase II, and decline phase) according to chronology by the excavated relics, the distribution aspects by period, and frequency of historical sites. For stone-lined pit burial that began to appear in the ruins of Bonggil-ri in the east coast area in the appearance phase (The 1/4 quarter of the 5th century)에 , the limited quantity is just checked and for the distribution of the ruins, the limited aspect has found to be limited to the east coast area. In case of the development phase (The 2/4 quarter of the 5th century), the distribution of the ruins was just checked in the east
coast area like the previous phase. The characteristic aspects were not checked in the structure of the historical site or the contents of the excavated relics were not checked because there are no big differences between the quantity of the historical site and that of the previous phase. But, it can be judged that wearing types of
accessories began to be buried from the development phase as the historical sites that gilt bronze ear ornaments (金銅製小鐶耳飾) and swords(大刀) are buried in the development phase are partially checked. The prevalence phase can be classified into the prevalence phase I (The 3/4 quarter of the 5th century) that the number of the ruins and historical sites drastically increased when compared to the previous phase and they spread and the prevalence phase II (The 4/4 quarter of the 5th century) that the general aspect is similar with that of the prevalence phase I (The 3/4 quarter of the 5th century) but the number of ruins has doubled and large-sized stone-lined pit burial increased and spreaded. First, in the prevalence phase I, stone-lined pit burial that had just been checked in the existing east coast area began to be done all the inland areas. This seems to be the somewhat radical and sudden aspect when compared to that of the previous phase. But this distribution aspect itself makes researchers estimate that the objects of the spread related to acceptance of tombs called stone-lined pit burials in the inland areas were not limited to certain areas. In the prevalence I, various detailed attributes by attribute began to appear in structural aspects of the historical sites. And starting this period, large-sized stone-lined pit burials began to appear from the southern area in Gyeongju. In the aspect of the excavated relics, metals as well as wearing types of accessories were buried in earnest and the combination of various relics and diverse burial aspects were also checked. The tendency that the aspect of the prevalence I comparatively continued as it is was shown in the prevalence II. But, the increase in the groups that accepted stone-lined pit burial and change in the perception can be presumed as the number of ruins by area nearly doubled when compared to the previous phase. In addition, the aspect that the large-sized stone-lined pit burial which had begun to appear from the previous phase got to be actively built was shown. Starting from the prevalence phase by comparing it with the previous phase, the causes that stone-lined pit burial were actively built in the several areas areas follows: First, complex causes including the structure of stone-lined pit burial that prepares certain interior space for buried persons only by building face stones through the masonry technique, guarantee of stable and eternal afterlife based on this, the popularization of stone-lined culture, and the limit of the burial
system of the group to build wooden chamber tombs with stone mound (積石木槨墓), Second, the limit of using wood implemented by the top level of the Silla Dynasty at the state level. In addition, the biased aspect in the high occupancy rate about the specific detailed attributes checked in the structural classification of the historical sites, the aspect of adopting or rejecting (取捨選擇) from the viewpoint of autonomy by group or practicality, or unification of funerals (葬法) by groups of professional craftsmen, and the results accompanied with the national restrictions about the structure. But, it is thought to be high probability of the partial restrictions about the series of the structure implemented at the national level rather than the self-regulating atmosphere as the biased aspect of the occupancy rate was found to be very high and differentiation in the distribution was not checked. And this is judged that there is a vertical correlation between the unification of funerals by the groups of professional craftsmen and it. In the decline phase (The 1/4 quarter of the 6th century), for the distribution, the ruins were checked in the 5 areas. But the quantity of the historical sites shows the aspect that they drastically decreased as 1/2 of the numerical values of the previous phase. In the structural aspect of the historical sites, the aspect of detailed attributes tends to decrease when compared to that of the previous phase. And large-sized stone-lined pit burial was found to be built in very few areas. Even after the decline phase, stone-lined pit burial was intermittently built. However, stone-lined pit burial in Gyeongju began to decrease in earnest from the decline phase. The burial system finally got to be replaced by horizontal entrance styles (橫口), annexed corridor stone chamber tombs (橫穴式 石室墓), and cremation graves (火葬墓).

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ.머 리 말 1
• Ⅱ.연구현황 및 목적 3
• 1.연구현황 3
• 2.연구배경과 목적 13
• Ⅲ.수혈식석곽묘의 구조분석 17
• 1.분석대상 17
• (1)수혈식석곽묘의 정의 18
• (2)대상유적 20
• 2.구조분석 25
• (1)규모 26
• (2)평면형태 29
• (3)부곽(副槨)의 有ㆍ無및 배치형태 34
• (4)바닥시설의 有ㆍ無및 설치형태 39
• (5)석재 및 판상석의 축조기법 44
• 3.수혈식석곽묘의 유형 54
• Ⅳ.수혈식석곽묘 부장품의 양상과 편년 70
• 1.부장품 양상 70
• (1)부장품 조합양상 72
• (2)부장양상 83
• 2.편년 95
• Ⅴ.수혈식석곽묘의 시ㆍ공적 전개양상과 특징 107
• 1.시간적 전개양상과 특징 107
• (1)등장기 107
• (2)발전기 111
• (3)성행기Ⅰ 115
• (4)성행기Ⅱ 120
• (5)쇠퇴기 125
• 2.공간적 전개양상과 특징 128
• Ⅵ.맺 음 말 134
• 참 고 문 헌 150
• ABSTRACT 156