洛山寺 復元佛事 硏究 : 2005~2013年의 復元佛事를 中心으로 = The study of the restoration project of Naksansa temple : focusing on the restoration work from 2005 to 2013

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Naksansa(洛山寺) temple was founded in 671 after Ven. Euisang, the Silla dynasty’s first patriarch of Huayan School(華嚴初祖), encountered the Goddess of Mercy at the cave of Avalokitesvara(觀音窟)(Red Lotus hermitage(紅蓮庵) by sculpturing and enshrining the Statue the Goddess of Mercy to the Hall of the Perfect Listener's(圓通寶殿). In 858, Ven. Beomil(梵日國師) met Ananyagamin(正趣菩薩) and sculptured His Statue and enshrined it in His Hall.
Afterwards, the temple was burned down and rebuilt many times as a result of natural disasters and war. The destruction by the Yangyang county forest fire on April 5, 2005 was the sixth such calamity in its history.
The 2005 forest fire began from a hill five kilometers from the Naksansa Temple on April 4 from some unknown cause and rode on the local wind to burn down the houses nearby before approaching the temple. The fire almost died out, but was rekindled by a sudden gust to first devastate the surrounding villages and then Naksansa temple including the Bronze Bell(Treasure No.499) and most buildings and houses therein. However thanks to the timely response by the Buddhist monks, the seated statue of Goddess of Mercy with dried-lacquer technique(乾漆觀世音菩薩坐像;Treasure No.1362) with scroll paintings of the Western Paradise Buddha and the buddhist deities avoided damages and there was no human toll.
Originally the Buddha's work(佛事) encompasses all activities for saving the sentient beings. The Buddha's work includes the mission to preach the Dharma and to tindirectly support this effort by building the temples, pagodas, and Buddha statues.
Ever since Buddhism was introduced to the Korean peninsula, traditional and general Buddha's works emphasized such indirect efforts as temple foundations and statue sculpturing. As a result, the meaning of the Buddha's works was interpreted too narrowly to refer to the temple building foundations rather than its original meaning. Since the Propagation of the Buddhist teaching is the fundamental objective, I think that practicing the merciful actions of saving sentient beings is the way to realize the thoughts of considering others as the same as me(同體大悲).
All the while even though many temples destroyed by fire did manage to rebuild again, they were usually in the range of building the temple structures only in the traditional ways. However unlike those other temple works, Naksansa temple gave priority on the communication and harmony with local residents first and help them with their difficulties while practicing the merciful actions of saving the sentient beings and in the context, it is assessed that Naksansa revived the original meaning of the Buddha's works and objectives.
This study tries to take a look at the impact on the method of practicing merciful actions on the local residents in order to restore the functional restoration of the temple instead of the traditional way of rebuilding temple houses when the project was executed after 2005 forest fire. And the study also deals with the appraisal, the characteristics and special features which were shown during the process of restoration project of Naksansa temple which is the main worshipping temple for the Goddess of Mercy. In addition, since most related data on restoration are scattered around fragmentarily at several organizations, the effort was done to collect them and cleared up manifestly. This research was executed also in order to put down the records of the writer myself who worked on the project of restoration with the Ven. Jeongnyeom's commentary of the then urgent situations of the forest fire.
The scope of the study limits the point of time when the 3000 days of restoration project held memorial ceremony from 2005 burning down of Naksansa temple to November, 2013.
The related data concerning the temple restorations are Three Kingdom's Inherited Hisory『三國遺事』, The history of Koryo Kingdom『高麗史』,The summary of the history of Koryo Kingdom『高麗史節要』, Newly edited Geographical history of East Kingdom『新增東國輿地勝覽』, Historical record of Joseon Dynasty『朝鮮王朝實錄』, Historical record of Naksansa temple(洛山寺 寺誌), Naksansa related travel records, and the paintings of Naksansa temple「洛山寺圖」. There are also reference data such as the reports of excavations of Cultural properties Agency, the excavation reports of Buddhist cultural research institute, the reports on forest fires of Yangyang county office, the framing work documents of each temple buildings of Naksansa, blue prints and design documents, the construction reports of administrative agencies, daily records of construction companies, Newsmedia articles, and interview data by ven. Jeongnyeom. and ven. Hyeongo.
Related data on the practice of saving the sentient beings are the material fron Musan welfare foundation, all the welfare institutions under the guidance of Naksansa temple management, the documents of Gangwon province Paramita Juvenile association, Naksansa Buddhist college for lay buddhists, Naksan kindergarten data, the documents from the lay buddhist associations, the articles from mass media and ven. Jeongnyeom's interviews.
In Chapter 1, the first paragraph surveys on the motive and the objective of the study, and secondly shows the scope and methods of the study.
In Chapter 2 on the definition of Buddhist works and Naksansa restoration project, it is surveyed in the 1. the type and definition of Buddha's work, and secondly the motive and the principles, thirdly the characteristics of Naksansa restoration project.
In Chapter 3, 1. the Goddess of Mercy and the thoughts of Avalokitesvara, in the 2. the history and culture of Avalokitesvara abiding temple, it is surveyed (1) the characteristics of the Goddess of Mercy abiding temple, (2) the historical stages of Naksansa temple.
In Chapter 4, the plan of restoration and 2005 forest fire, 1. the type of process of burning down, (1) the process of the destruction, (2) the situation of cultural property damage, 2. the supports and goodwill of Korean people, (1) Media articles (2) volunteers and 3. the will of restoration of the main participants, (1) Sangha's will to restore (2) National plan for restoration, and 4. Restoration fundraising activities.
In Chapter 5, the process of restoration project, 1. the plan of restoring the original temple (1) The excavation research (2) the arrangement of the temple buildings (3) the direction of the original temple building restoration 2. The restoration project of temple (1) the first period (2005∼2007), (2) the second period (2008∼2009), (3) the third period (2010∼2013), 3. the impact and the practice of saving the mankind (1) the practice of saving mankind (2) the impact of the practice of saving the mankind.
In Chapter 6, the appraisal and the characteristics of the restoration, 1. the characteristics of the restoration, (1) the comparison and assessment of the guidelines of Naksansa temple restoration and the ten principles of Silsangsa(實相寺)constructive project (2) the characteristics of Naksansa restoration and 2. the appraisal of the restoration project (1) the appraisal of the project motives and the practice to execute the principles (2) the appraisal of the architectural area.
In Chapter 7, it is surveyed on the meaning of restoration in the context of Korean Buddhist History and the characteristics of the restoration.
The sixth restoration project of Naksansa temple was the Buddha's works of all four congregations of Buddhists' endeavours and supports. All Korean people including lay buddhists showed their full supports and the morale support by Ven. Seorak Musan who is the patriarch of Sinheungsa(新興寺) monastery, the guidance of Ven. Songrim Hyeongo from Songkwangsa(松廣寺) monastery and ven. Keumgok Jeongnyeom's will were all combined in the restoration.
The Naksansa temple restoration project will be the desirable example of the modern temple restoration project with combined efforts of Yangyang county office, Kangwondo provincial government, Cultural properties Agency, the ministry of culture and tourism, Korea forest agency.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 序論 1
• 제1절 硏究의 動機와 目的 1
• 제2절 硏究의 範圍와 方法 7
• 제2장 佛事의 定義와 洛山寺 復元佛事 10
• 제1절 佛事의 定義와 類型 10
• 1. 佛事의 定義 10
• 2. 佛事의 目的과 類型 18
• 제2절 佛事의 成就 要件과 佛事 進行의 原則 21
• 1. 佛事의 成就 要件 22
• 2. 佛事 進行의 原則 30
• 제3절 洛山寺 復元佛事의 特徵 35
• 1. 󰡔華嚴經󰡕의 六相圓融思想 具顯 35
• 2. 洛山寺의 歷史 繼承 44
• 3. 傳統建築의 아름다움과 如法함 具顯 45
• 4. 地域과 道場의 特性 反映 46
• 5. 費用投入의 合理性과 適切性 48
• 6. 多樣한 階層의 佛事參與 誘導 49
• 7. 地域住民과의 疏通 및 和合 50
• 8. 觀世音菩薩의 救世大悲行 實踐 51
• 제3장 觀音思想과 觀音道場 洛山寺 54
• 제1절 觀世音菩薩과 觀音思想 54
• 1. 觀世音菩薩 54
• 2. 觀音思想 59
• 제2절 觀音道場으로서의 歷史와 文化 64
• 1. 觀音道場의 性格 64
• 2. 洛山寺의 歷史的 變遷 69
• 제4장 2005년 火災와 復元佛事 計劃 89
• 제1절 燒失의 過程과 樣相 89
• 1. 燒失의 過程 100
• 2. 文化財 被害 現況 103
• 제2절 國民的 觀心과 支援 106
• 1. 言論報道 107
• 2. 自願奉仕 116
• 제3절 佛事主體의 復元願力 119
• 1. 僧伽의 復元願力 119
• 2. 國家의 復元計劃 126
• 제4절 復元基金 造成 134
• 제5장 復元佛事의 展開 過程 139
• 제1절 伽藍 元型復元의 定立 139
• 1. 發掘調査 139
• 2. 伽藍配置 156
• 3. 伽藍 元型復元의 方向 173
• 제2절 伽藍의 元型復元 佛事 184
• 1. 第1期 (2005년∼2007년) 192
• 2. 第2期 (2008년∼2009년) 237
• 3. 第3期 (2010년∼2013년) 270
• 제3절 救世大悲行의 實踐과 影響 316
• 1. 救世大悲行의 實踐 316
• 2. 救世大悲行이 復元佛事에 미친 影響 340
• 제6장 復元佛事의 性格과 評價 344
• 제1절 復元佛事의 性格 344
• 1. 洛山寺 佛事指針과 實相寺 佛事十條의 比較 檢討 344
• 2. 洛山寺 復元佛事의 性格 358
• 제2절 復元佛事의 評價 361
• 1. 佛事 過程에 대한 評價 361
• 2. 佛事 結果에 대한 評價 365
• 제7장 結論 376
• 참고문헌 384
• 그림자료 393
• ABSTRACT 432

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