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    上月 圓覺의 硏究 : 천태종 중창과 새 불교운동을 중심으로 = The study on Sangwol Wongak’s Buddhistic thought : focusing on the rebuilding of the Cheontae order(天台宗) and new Buddhism movement

    한글로보기

    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T13969066

    • 저자
    • 발행사항

      서울 : 동국대학교, 2016

    • 학위논문사항

      학위논문(박사) -- 동국대학교 대학원 , 선학과 , 2016

    • 발행연도

      2016

    • 작성언어

      한국어

    • KDC

      228.5 판사항(6)

    • DDC

      294.33 판사항(23)

    • 발행국(도시)

      서울

    • 형태사항

      183 p. ; 26 cm

    • 일반주기명

      지도교수: 한태식
      참고문헌: p. 169-177

    • DOI식별코드
    • 소장기관
      • 국립중앙도서관 국립중앙도서관 우편복사 서비스
      • 동국대학교 중앙도서관 소장기관정보
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    부가정보

    다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    When Guinsa(救仁寺) Temple was established on Mt. Sobaeksan in 1945, it had a small Buddhist sanctum with thatched roof for religious services and it had a living place for monks. After the Cheontae Order of Korean Buddhism declared it would rebuild itself in 1966, the Order experienced a rapid size increase in a short period of time. Buddhist and other religious circles paid attention to the Order’s unique culture which led to its rapid growth and Buddhist practice for both Buddhist monk/nuns and Buddhist laity. This study is on Sangwol Wongak(上月 圓覺) and his important role in the Order’s culture and growth. During the Joseon Dynasty and the Japanese colonial administration, Korean Buddhism stagnated and declined in both its practice and thought. At the end of the flow of declined traditional Buddhist studies, Sangwol Wongak became a monk without any dharma lineage. He grew the Order through his leadership and outstanding effort.
    The social status of Joseon Buddhism was impoverished and devastated late in the Joseon dynasty because of the influence of an anti-Buddhism policy(抑佛政策) during that time. Also under Japanese rule, the Japanese colonial administration intrigued the voluntary development of Korean Buddhism with the Temple Ordinance of 1911(朝鮮寺刹令). Meanwhile Korean Buddhist circles were busy preventing identification from Japanese Buddhist circles, who plotted to subjugate Korean Buddhism. At that time, there were several suggestions for a revolution of Korean Buddhism but for a variety of reasons, there was failure in moving forward with these suggestions. Without any Buddhism revolution, Korea achieved the independence of Korea from Japan with help from the U.S.A. Under the control of The United States military and under the regime of Syngman Rhee, intense strife between married Buddhist priests and celibate Buddhist monks caused physical fights. The conflict continued until the May 16th military coup d'état in 1961. The conflict caused the government to legislate the decree on the governance of Buddhist property(佛敎財産管理法). As a result of that, the autonomy of Korean Buddhist circles was damaged.
    In spite of abundant Buddhist thought and cultural excellence, Buddhism was considered to be a folk religion. At this time, Sangwol Wongak rebuilt the Cheontae Order and gave it a new, fresh look. Sangwol Wongak was born in 1911. When he turned 15 years old, he prayed for one hundred days on Mt. Samtaesan for the first time and thus he entered Buddhahood. He went on a pilgrimage to well-known temples on legendary mountains to concentrate on the Buddhist practice by himself without any teacher. He resided in Guinsa Temple and maintained an earnest practice for himself, along with ten followers. Life in there was difficult due to poverty; the small community subsisted on corn gruel. Starting the very first time Sangwol Wongak prayed at the age of 15, his practice was focused on chanting the Great Compassion Mantra(The Mahākaruṇā Dhāraṇī:千手大陀羅尼經) and on the power of the Dharani chant. He finally achieved enlightenment on January 18, 1956. After that, he edified Buddhist laymen and women who came to Guinsa Temple. Starting in 1965, he went to pilgrimages to different cities in order to provide Buddhist services for the public and prepared them for the new Order.
    He declared the rebuilding of the Cheontae Order with amid- summer meditation stay in 1966 and Daegak Buddhist Propagation Center of Cheontae Order was registered soon after. In 1969, the name of the Order changed to the Cheontae Order of Korean Buddhism. The Order represents Korean Buddhism with the Jogye Order, the Taego Order and others due to its rapid growth. The Cheontae Order’s growth was on the basis of a verity of new faith and practice systems, and organizational composition. Kwanumn- yeomsong(reciting the name of Kwanseumbosal:觀音念誦) was the method of a unified practice and both the Buddhist monks/nuns and the Buddhist laity’ s practice of the percepts of ten good deeds(十善戒). Most of all, the Buddhist laity was encouraged to attend a meditation retreat. The system of meditation retreats(安居) changed the appearance and methods of their faith and practice. The system aroused a tremendous change which had never before happened in Korean Buddhist circles. The Order encouraged them to organize and manage the council of the laity with autonomy. The Order formed its organization of branch temples with forty people, appointing the laity as important members of the Order’s board:a member of the Order meeting, a president, vice president, secretary, etc. as a way to encourage voluntary attendance. This was the driving force of the Order’s rapid growth. The Order struggled to break with tradition centered on the Buddhist monks/nuns by doing a verity of religious activities as above previously mentioned.
    To meet the needs of the times, the Order applied the principle of a laity movement to three indicators for the new Buddhist movement: Laity Buddhism, Life Buddhism, and Patriotic Buddhism. Laity Buddhism and Life Buddhism were for both monks/nuns and laity to build an earnest Mahāyāna(literally the "Great Vehicle") community and to apply the Buddha teachings to their life for the purpose of a faith recovery. Patriotic Buddhism was for the purpose of socializing Buddhism to build a nation of welfare which was suitable for a democratic society after establishing the republic of Korea in 1948. Therefore, Sangwol Wongak always preserved tradition but he also adequately modified the truthful spirit to apply to situations on the basis of the time. His new Buddhism movement came at a good time.
    On the other hand, the statement of teaching said that Sangwol Wongak was the rebuilder of the Cheontae Order and a national preceptor, Daegak Uicheon(大覺義天) in the Koryo Dynasty, was the founder of the Cheontae Order. According to the statement, Sangwol Wongak emphasized on Kyokwankyeomsu(the balanced cultivation of Zen practice and sutra study like twins:敎觀兼修) to reform the climate on practice and to revive the Koryo Cheontae Order’s glory. In particular, he made an effort to construct the ideal world with this code of conduct as a guideline:human beings are Buddha, life is the Buddha’s teachings and society is Sangha(the Buddhist monks/nuns’ community). Human beings, life and society become three treasures:the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha. In the Dharma’s words, ‘the true reality is the absence of characteristics of all things(實相無相)’ on the basis of epistemological judgment. Recognizing ontology, we see the truth that ‘the marvelous dharma is non-birth(妙法無生)’. Finally, recognizing axiology leads to the conclusion that ‘the lotus is free from contamination(蓮華無染)’. We could see this viewpoint on life from the last dharma talk where he delivered the message that ‘the world is only one-minded world and life is just patterns weaved with Karma’. All living beings repeated, so to speak, the same way of life by having various experiences, committing and regretting poor conduct. Therefore, they have to repent of their bad karma and try to remove unwholesome desires and greed.
    Sangwol Wongak’s new Buddhism movement has impacted Buddhist circles and societies when it come to religious thought, the ways of the movement, and a new practice culture. His Buddhist movement has tremendous meaning both widely and socially.
    번역하기

    When Guinsa(救仁寺) Temple was established on Mt. Sobaeksan in 1945, it had a small Buddhist sanctum with thatched roof for religious services and it had a living place for monks. After the Cheontae Order of Korean Buddhism declared it would rebuil...

    When Guinsa(救仁寺) Temple was established on Mt. Sobaeksan in 1945, it had a small Buddhist sanctum with thatched roof for religious services and it had a living place for monks. After the Cheontae Order of Korean Buddhism declared it would rebuild itself in 1966, the Order experienced a rapid size increase in a short period of time. Buddhist and other religious circles paid attention to the Order’s unique culture which led to its rapid growth and Buddhist practice for both Buddhist monk/nuns and Buddhist laity. This study is on Sangwol Wongak(上月 圓覺) and his important role in the Order’s culture and growth. During the Joseon Dynasty and the Japanese colonial administration, Korean Buddhism stagnated and declined in both its practice and thought. At the end of the flow of declined traditional Buddhist studies, Sangwol Wongak became a monk without any dharma lineage. He grew the Order through his leadership and outstanding effort.
    The social status of Joseon Buddhism was impoverished and devastated late in the Joseon dynasty because of the influence of an anti-Buddhism policy(抑佛政策) during that time. Also under Japanese rule, the Japanese colonial administration intrigued the voluntary development of Korean Buddhism with the Temple Ordinance of 1911(朝鮮寺刹令). Meanwhile Korean Buddhist circles were busy preventing identification from Japanese Buddhist circles, who plotted to subjugate Korean Buddhism. At that time, there were several suggestions for a revolution of Korean Buddhism but for a variety of reasons, there was failure in moving forward with these suggestions. Without any Buddhism revolution, Korea achieved the independence of Korea from Japan with help from the U.S.A. Under the control of The United States military and under the regime of Syngman Rhee, intense strife between married Buddhist priests and celibate Buddhist monks caused physical fights. The conflict continued until the May 16th military coup d'état in 1961. The conflict caused the government to legislate the decree on the governance of Buddhist property(佛敎財産管理法). As a result of that, the autonomy of Korean Buddhist circles was damaged.
    In spite of abundant Buddhist thought and cultural excellence, Buddhism was considered to be a folk religion. At this time, Sangwol Wongak rebuilt the Cheontae Order and gave it a new, fresh look. Sangwol Wongak was born in 1911. When he turned 15 years old, he prayed for one hundred days on Mt. Samtaesan for the first time and thus he entered Buddhahood. He went on a pilgrimage to well-known temples on legendary mountains to concentrate on the Buddhist practice by himself without any teacher. He resided in Guinsa Temple and maintained an earnest practice for himself, along with ten followers. Life in there was difficult due to poverty; the small community subsisted on corn gruel. Starting the very first time Sangwol Wongak prayed at the age of 15, his practice was focused on chanting the Great Compassion Mantra(The Mahākaruṇā Dhāraṇī:千手大陀羅尼經) and on the power of the Dharani chant. He finally achieved enlightenment on January 18, 1956. After that, he edified Buddhist laymen and women who came to Guinsa Temple. Starting in 1965, he went to pilgrimages to different cities in order to provide Buddhist services for the public and prepared them for the new Order.
    He declared the rebuilding of the Cheontae Order with amid- summer meditation stay in 1966 and Daegak Buddhist Propagation Center of Cheontae Order was registered soon after. In 1969, the name of the Order changed to the Cheontae Order of Korean Buddhism. The Order represents Korean Buddhism with the Jogye Order, the Taego Order and others due to its rapid growth. The Cheontae Order’s growth was on the basis of a verity of new faith and practice systems, and organizational composition. Kwanumn- yeomsong(reciting the name of Kwanseumbosal:觀音念誦) was the method of a unified practice and both the Buddhist monks/nuns and the Buddhist laity’ s practice of the percepts of ten good deeds(十善戒). Most of all, the Buddhist laity was encouraged to attend a meditation retreat. The system of meditation retreats(安居) changed the appearance and methods of their faith and practice. The system aroused a tremendous change which had never before happened in Korean Buddhist circles. The Order encouraged them to organize and manage the council of the laity with autonomy. The Order formed its organization of branch temples with forty people, appointing the laity as important members of the Order’s board:a member of the Order meeting, a president, vice president, secretary, etc. as a way to encourage voluntary attendance. This was the driving force of the Order’s rapid growth. The Order struggled to break with tradition centered on the Buddhist monks/nuns by doing a verity of religious activities as above previously mentioned.
    To meet the needs of the times, the Order applied the principle of a laity movement to three indicators for the new Buddhist movement: Laity Buddhism, Life Buddhism, and Patriotic Buddhism. Laity Buddhism and Life Buddhism were for both monks/nuns and laity to build an earnest Mahāyāna(literally the "Great Vehicle") community and to apply the Buddha teachings to their life for the purpose of a faith recovery. Patriotic Buddhism was for the purpose of socializing Buddhism to build a nation of welfare which was suitable for a democratic society after establishing the republic of Korea in 1948. Therefore, Sangwol Wongak always preserved tradition but he also adequately modified the truthful spirit to apply to situations on the basis of the time. His new Buddhism movement came at a good time.
    On the other hand, the statement of teaching said that Sangwol Wongak was the rebuilder of the Cheontae Order and a national preceptor, Daegak Uicheon(大覺義天) in the Koryo Dynasty, was the founder of the Cheontae Order. According to the statement, Sangwol Wongak emphasized on Kyokwankyeomsu(the balanced cultivation of Zen practice and sutra study like twins:敎觀兼修) to reform the climate on practice and to revive the Koryo Cheontae Order’s glory. In particular, he made an effort to construct the ideal world with this code of conduct as a guideline:human beings are Buddha, life is the Buddha’s teachings and society is Sangha(the Buddhist monks/nuns’ community). Human beings, life and society become three treasures:the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha. In the Dharma’s words, ‘the true reality is the absence of characteristics of all things(實相無相)’ on the basis of epistemological judgment. Recognizing ontology, we see the truth that ‘the marvelous dharma is non-birth(妙法無生)’. Finally, recognizing axiology leads to the conclusion that ‘the lotus is free from contamination(蓮華無染)’. We could see this viewpoint on life from the last dharma talk where he delivered the message that ‘the world is only one-minded world and life is just patterns weaved with Karma’. All living beings repeated, so to speak, the same way of life by having various experiences, committing and regretting poor conduct. Therefore, they have to repent of their bad karma and try to remove unwholesome desires and greed.
    Sangwol Wongak’s new Buddhism movement has impacted Buddhist circles and societies when it come to religious thought, the ways of the movement, and a new practice culture. His Buddhist movement has tremendous meaning both widely and socially.

    더보기

    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • Ⅰ. 서 론 1
    • 제1절 연구의 목적 1
    • 1. 기존연구의 검토 2
    • 2. 연구의 목적 7
    • 제2절 연구의 범위와 방법 7
    • Ⅰ. 서 론 1
    • 제1절 연구의 목적 1
    • 1. 기존연구의 검토 2
    • 2. 연구의 목적 7
    • 제2절 연구의 범위와 방법 7
    • 1. 연구의 범위 8
    • 2. 연구의 방법과 한계 9
    • Ⅱ. 상월 원각의 생애와 수행 18
    • 제1절 구인사 정착 이전의 구도와 수행 21
    • 1. 탄생과 성장과정 22
    • 2. 발심과 구도 25
    • 제2절 구인사 창건과 초기의 대중생활 29
    • 1. 상월 원각의 구인사 창건 30
    • 2. 초기 구인사의 공동수행 32
    • 제3절 상월 원각의 수행과 대각 37
    • 1. 상월 원각의 수행 37
    • 2. 상월 원각의 대각 38
    • 3. 대각 이후의 활동 44
    • Ⅲ. 대한불교천태종 창건과 새 불교운동 47
    • 제1절 천태종 중창선언과 종단 설립 47
    • 1. 천태종 중창선언과 천태종대각불교 47
    • 2. 대한불교천태종의 종단체계 구성 55
    • 3. 총본산 구인사의 가람정비 60
    • 제2절 관음염송과 십선계 63
    • 1. 관음염송의 특색과 대중적인 반향 64
    • 2. 출가‧재가 공통의 계율, 십선계 73
    • 제3절 천태종 새 불교운동의 구체적 양상 76
    • 1. 출가‧재가의 생활 속 수행풍토 77
    • 2. 중앙신도회 조직과 각종 제도완비 82
    • 3. 상월 원각의 입적과 유훈사업 87
    • Ⅳ. 삼대지표의 시의성 92
    • 제1절 대중불교의 실현 98
    • 1. 대중이 주체가 되는 대승교단 98
    • 2. 불교혁신 방안으로서 대중불교 103
    • 제2절 생활불교의 실천 106
    • 1. 삶의 현장에 구현되는 불법 106
    • 2. 신앙회복 방안으로서 생활불교 110
    • 제3절 애국불교의 건립 113
    • 1. 민주시대에 걸맞은 복지사회 건설 113
    • 2. 불교의 사회화를 위한 애국불교 119
    • Ⅴ. 상월 원각의 종교사상 123
    • 제1절 「대조사 교시문」과 삼대실천강령 124
    • 1. 「교시문」에 나타난 천태종 중창의 취지 125
    • 2. 삼대실천강령에 입각한 실천과제 130
    • 3. 삼보에 대한 재해석, 인간‧생활‧사회 136
    • 제2절 「대조사 법어」의 종교철학사상 142
    • 1. 「법어」에 대한 기존의 해석 143
    • 2. 인식론‧존재론‧가치론으로 보는 실상‧묘법‧연화 149
    • 3. 실상은 무상이라는 깨달음과 처염상정의 인생관 158
    • Ⅵ. 결 론 165
    • 참 고 문 헌 169
    • ABSTRACT 178
    더보기

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