After postmodernism was firmly theorized around 1980, world economy and society have experienced a big change due to the adoption of neo-liberalist economic policy. This paper focuses on the influences of this socio-economic change on artists and thei...
After postmodernism was firmly theorized around 1980, world economy and society have experienced a big change due to the adoption of neo-liberalist economic policy. This paper focuses on the influences of this socio-economic change on artists and their artworks. Zygmunt Bauman analyzed the shortcomings of our consumer society and also unpacked the social causes and consequences of the globalizing process. His findings are major sources and references for the description of the contemporary socio-economic situation in this paper. Based on such social analysis, Andy Warhol and Damien Hirst were compared to see how time difference influenced the artist and his artwork, and Felix Gonzlez-Torres was chosen to see how the artist’s attitude influenced his representation of society differently.
Capitalist economy depends more on consuming power than production power for its survival because the demand for the products that are made have to be artificially increased. In order to generate this additional need, mass media was utilized to create a consumer society. Mass media not only directly advertises products but also indirectly provokes consumption. These effects are magnified by the widespread availability of mass media: televisions, the internet, and smartphones. As media becomes a crucial component of our lives, its advertisements and contents increasingly govern the people in our consumer society. Andy Warhol noticed this relationship between mass culture and art and quickly incorporated the surface images of consumer products in his artwork. On the other hand, his Disaster series and Lorscharch series symptomatically showed the inner workings of the consumer society. These two different aspects of his work were explained by Hal Foster and Rosalind Krauss, and he is now extolled as an artist who represented not only the glossy surface of consumer society but also revealed the symptoms of its pathological inner parts.
Neo-liberalism allows the capitalist market system to work to its extremes. To beat the market, it is necessary to not only copy the surface results like Warhol but also copy the internal logic of the market. Hirst effectively accomplished this feat by introducing the cost concept in his work For the Love of the God out of expensive diamond and platinum. Its expensive material made him one of the highest priced artists in the world. As a result, he could sell numerous prints out of that single artwork and also raise about 200 million US dollars by selling his new works through auction houses. Hirst was more a entrepreneur, a financial specialist, and a marketing professional than an artist. In that sense, his representation of death is deliberately conceived to make him the best artist in this age.
Bauman comments that the post-modernist eulogy of the ‘globalizing’ world fails to convey the complexity of the problem and the contradictions that tear the world apart. His sharp criticism on post-modernism has roots in the long standing debates between Frederic Jameson and Craig Owen in the early 80’s, and David Harvey and Rosalyn Deutsche in the early 90’s. During the past thirty years, the status of the minorities by post-modernist representation has improved while the poor has actually increased in huge numbers. This paper argues that a balanced definition of social minorities that takes into account the reality of the situation is required.
Contrary to Warhol and Hirst, Gonzalez-Torres adopts the economic reasoning of consumer society in his work to criticize consumer society. Starting off of Miwon Kwon’s preceding research, this paper further explores Gonzales-Torres’ certificate of authenticity. The certificate not only symbolizes how consumption leads to more consumption but also forces the owner to consume more for showing the work and thus criticizes the whole mechanism. In addition, this paper also attempts to interpret the phrase ‘a fragile truce’ as describing the unstable situation of himself and his ciritical artworks.
Based on Gonzalez-Torres’ work, Nicolas Bourriaud categorized and named the group of works in the 90’s as “Aesthetics of Relation.” Though “Aesthetics of Relation” was criticized as a tautological concept, Claire Bishop and Miwon Kwon complemented the concept, and Gail Day and Steve Edwards explained that relational works are similar to realist works in that they reveal the unseen truth of society. The art of the new age which Bauman mentioned is only possible if we find a model of realism that fits this era. And this new model should strive to have a balanced view by taking into account the increasing wealth gap. This paper hopes to provide a clear understanding of this society that will serve as a basis for the creation of this new model.