문화지능과 조직유효성 간의 관계에서 이문화 적응의 매개효과 및 자기효능감의 조절효과 분석 = (The) relationship of cultural intelligence and organizational effectiveness : the mediating effect of cross-cultural adjustment and moderating effect of self-efficacy

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Along with the rapid globalization in international business and cross cultural management in today’s world, it is very important for global managers to understand the concept of cultural intelligence(CQ) for reducing the expatriates' failure probability in the international human resource management. The CQ is defined as the expatriates’ ability to adapt the local culture and inter-cultural communication. Early research showed that cultural intelligence affects cultural adjustment, cultural effectiveness, and expatriates’ performance.
This thesis focuses on cultural intelligence and the factors that are associated with individuals who have the ability to succeed in an international work environment. In review of the literature, the concept of cultural intelligence remains largely opened since very little has been tested empirically. An exploratory pilot study was conducted with a sample of 188 Chinese expatriates working in a Korean company in Korea, We confirmed the concept of CQ that it contains four dimensions such as meta-cognitive, cognitive, motivational and behavioral CQ. Then, we proved the partial mediating role of cross-cultural adjustment between cultural intelligence and organizational effectiveness.
The results of this study have three implications for human resource development. First, although the study of CQ had been concentrated on the theoretical aspect of the concept in the past, this study expanded the research up to the area of empirical investigation. Second, the empirical findings also supported an incremental and predictive validity that CQ increased explained variance of cross-cultural adjustment. Since it was proved that the higher the CQ, the more cross-cultural adjustment, job satisfaction, and job performance, CQ could be used as an important criteria in selecting and dispatching global employees. Third, the proven partial mediating role of cross-cultural adjustment in this study showed the importance of both CQ and cross-cultural adjustment to increase job satisfaction and job performance. Forth, self-efficacy was verified whether it had moderating affect on the relation of CQ or cross culture adjustment. The expatriates who have high self-efficacy of the cross-cultural adjustment could be adjusted a little bit.
We believe that this paper makes a contribution in terms of advancing our understanding of effective CQ on organizational effectiveness. At last, some directions to the future researches and limitations of this paper are discussed.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제 1 장 서론 1
• 제 1 절 연구배경 및 목적 1
• 1. 연구배경 1
• 2. 연구목적 4
• 제 2 절 연구의 방법 및 범위 6
• 제 3 절 연구의 구성 7
• 제 2 장 이론적 배경 9
• 제 1 절 문화지능의 개념과 구성 요인 9
• 1. 문화지능의 개념 9
• 2. 문화지능과 유사한 개념 12
• 3. 문화지능의 구성 요인 15
• 4. 다차원 구성개념을 합한 집합체로서의 문화지능 20
• 제 2 절 문화지능과 관련된 선행 연구 22
• 1. 문화지능에 대한 실증 연구 22
• 2. 기업경영에의 문화지능 활용 방안 28
• 3. 문화지능의 개발 38
• 제 3 절 이문화 적응 42
• 1. 이문화 적응의 개념 42
• 2. 이문화 적응의 분류 44
• 3. 이문화 적응의 과정 46
• 4. 이문화 적응과 관련된 선행연구 47
• 제 4 절 조직유효성 53
• 1. 조직유효성의 개념과 측정변수 53
• 2. 직무만족의 개념과 선행연구 53
• 3. 체류만족의 개념과 선행연구 60
• 4. 직무성과의 개념과 선행연구 62
• 제 5 절 자기효능감 68
• 1. 자기효능감의 개념 68
• 2. 자기효능감의 조절효과 71
• 제 3 장 연구모형과 실증연구의 설계 73
• 제 1 절 연구모형 73
• 1. 문화지능과 이문화 적응 75
• 2. 문화지능과 직무만족, 체류만족 및 직무성과 78
• 3. 이문화 적응과 직무만족, 체류만족 및 직무성과 79
• 4. 이문화 적응의 매개역할 81
• 5. 자기효능감의 조절효과 82
• 제 3 절 변수의 조작적 정의 및 측정 84
• 1. 문화지능의 측정 84
• 2. 이문화 적응의 측정 86
• 3. 직무만족 87
• 4. 체류만족 87
• 5. 직무성과 88
• 6. 자기효능감 88
• 7. 통제변수 89
• 제 4 절 설문지의 구성 90
• 제 5 절 조사방법 및 실증분석 방법 91
• 1. 조사방법 91
• 2. 실증분석 방법 91
• 제 4 장 실증분석 93
• 제 1 절 인구 통계적 특성 93
• 제 2 절 신뢰성과 타당성 분석 94
• 1. 신뢰도 분석 95
• 2. 탐색적 요인분석 96
• 3. 확인적 요인분석 100
• 제 3 절 상관관계 분석 107
• 제 4 절 연구가설의 검증 109
• 1. 문화지능과 이문화 적응의 관계에 대한 가설검증 109
• 2. 문화지능과 조직유효성의 관계에 대한 가설 검증 112
• 3. 이문화 적응과 조직유효성의 관계에 대한 가설검증 115
• 4. 이문화 적응의 매개역할 검증 117
• 5. 매개효과의 유의성 검증 133
• 제 5 장 결론 145
• 제 1 절 연구결과의 요약 145
• 제 2 절 연구결과의 시사점 149
• 제 3 절 연구결과의 한계 및 향후 연구 방향 151
• 1. 연구의 한계 151
• 2. 향후의 연구 방향 152
• <참고문헌> 153
• Abstract 169

참고문헌 (Reference)

1. 조직행위론, 황규대, , 1999

2. What is culture?, Hofstede, , 2003

3. 서비스마케팅, 이유재, 학현사, 서비스마케팅, , 2013

4. 현재조직관리, 유해종, , 1998

5. Does it really work?, Wright, Puck, Kittler, , 2008

6. MultivariateAnalysis, Anderson, Hair, Tatham, , 1997

7. Sojourner Adjustment, Church, , 1982

8. Socialization Tactics, Jones, , 1986

9. Work motivation theories, Locke, Henne, , 1986

10. Behavior in organizations, Reitz, H. Joseph, R. D. Irwin, , 1977

11. Soil survey of Hardin County, Robbins, Miller, , 1994

12. Organization theory and design, Daft, Richard L, West Pub. Co., Organization theory and design, , 1995

13. AMOS 4 user’s reference guide, Arbuckle, Wothke, , 1999

14. Motivation in work organization, Lawler, , 1973

15. Culture Intelligence OldConstructs, Earley, , 2006

16. Development and Validationof the CQS, Koh, Ang, Van Dyne, , 2008

17. A metaanalysis of the effects ofcross, Morris, Robie, , 2001

18. Cultural intelligence in organizations, Triandis, , 2006

19. Handbook of organizational measurement, Price, James L, Heath, Handbook of organizational measurement, , 1972

20. Intercultural communication competence, Wiseman, Richard Lee, Sage, , 1993

21. comprehensive multicultural education :, Bennett, Comprehensive multicultural education, , 2003

22. Memorandum forthe study of acculturation, Redfield, Linton, Herskovits, , 1936

23. A conceptual model of expatriate turnover, Naumann, , 1992

24. The complexities of expatriate adaptation, Haslberger, , 2005

25. Cultural IntelligenceDomain and Assessment, Aycan, Cerdin, , 2008

26. Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation, Berry, J. W., Berry, "Immigration acculturation, , 1997

27. 文化智力: 跨文化适?能力的新指?, 洪媛媛, 唐?玉, , 2005

28. CQ : developing cultural intelligence at work, Earley, P. Christopher, Stanford Business Books, , 2006

29. Fundamentals of human resource management (Vol2), Wright, Gerhart, Noe, , 2004

30. Where's the" culture" incross-cultural transition?, Ward, Kennedy, "Where's the"" culture"" incross-cultural transition?", , 1993

31. Initialexaminationofamodelofintercultural adjustment, Parker, McEvoy, Initial examination of a modelof intercultural adjustment, , 1993

32. Intercultural interactions: Apractical guide (Vol 9), Brislin, Cushner, , 1996

33. The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review, Mendenhall,M., Osland,G., The dimensions of expatriateacculturation: A review, , 1985

34. Cultural intelligence: Peopleskills for global business, Inkson, Thomas, , 2004

35. Thedynamicself-concept:A socialpsychologicalperspective, Wurf, Markus, The dynamic self-concept: A socialpsychological perspective, , 1987

36. Self-ReportsinOrganizationalResearch:ProblemsandProspects, Podsakoff, Organ, Self-reports inorganizational research: Problems and prospects, , 1986

37. An experiential approach to culturalintelligence education, MacNab, , 2012

38. 항공사 카운터 종사자의 스트레스 유형분석, 조희정, , 2007

39. Child psychotherapy : Practice and theory(1st softcover ed), Haworth, , 1994

40. Problems in the Measurement of Organizational Effectiveness, Streers, Problems in the measurement of organizationaleffectiveness, , 1975

41. Professional Self-Concept as a Predictor of Teacher Burnout, Friedman, B.A.Farber, Professional self-concept asa predictor of teacher burnout, , 1992

42. Cultural intelligence: Individualinteractions across cultures, Earley, Ang, , 2003

43. Social Networks and the Performance of Individuals and Groups, M.L.Kraimer, R.C.Liden, Sparrowe, , 2001

44. (現代)인적자원관리: 동양적ㆍ구미적 인사관리, 한인수, , 2009

45. Cross-category Variation in Customer Satisfaction and Retention, Anderson, Cross-category variation in customersatisfaction and retention, , 1998

46. 조직 내 신뢰와 조직성과간의 관계에 관한 연구, 전무경, 이인석, 조직내 신뢰와 조직성과간의 관계에 관한 연구, , 2005

47. Personality, Cultural Intelligence, andCross-Cultural Adaptation, Fischer, Ward, "Personality, , 2008

48. Some effects of computerizedinterviewing on job applicant responses, Martin, Nagao, , 1989

49. Cultural Intelligence in GlobalTeams A Fusion Model of Collaboration, Janssens, Brett, , 2006

50. EmotionalIntelligence Meets Traditional Standards for an Intelligence, Mayer, , 2000

51. Five-factor model ofpersonality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis, Mount, Judge, Five-factor modelof personality and job satisfaction: a meta-analysis, , 2002

52. Signature pedagogy: A framework forthinking about management education, Schmidt-Wilk, , 2010

53. Corporate performance and managerialremuneration: An empirical analysis, Murphy, Murphy, K. J., , 1985

54. Leading cultural research in the future: Amatter of paradigms and taste, Earley, , 2006

55. Personality correlates ofthe four-factor model of cultural intelligence, Van Dyne, Koh, Ang, , 2006

56. Work role transitions: A study of American expatriate managers in Japan, Black, Work role transitions: A study of Americanexpatriate managers in Japan, , 1988

57. Cultural IntelligenceUnderstanding Behaviors that Serve People’s Goals, MacNab, Worthley, Brislin, , 2006

58. The Big Five PersonalityDimensions and Job Performance : a meta-analysis, Murray R.Barrick, Michael K.Mount, The big five personalitydimensions and job performance: a meta? analysis, , 1991

59. Measuring Organizational Effectiveness inInstitutions of Higher Education, Cameron, Measuring organizational effectiveness ininstitutions of higher education, , 1987

60. Self-efficacy and perceived control: Cognitive mediators ofpain tolerance, Litt, Self-efficacy and perceived control: cognitivemediators of pain tolerance, , 1988

61. 사회복지 전문인력의 직무만족 및 조직몰입의 영향요인, 고수정, , 2005

62. A multifaceted approach toexpatriate retention in international assignments, Gregersen, Black, , 1990

63. Barriers to equal treatment and equal outcome:means-testing and unemployment, Millar, , 1988

64. Differential engagement of self??reactive influences in cognitive motivation, Cervone, Bandura, Differential engagement ofself-reactive influences in cognitive motivation, , 1986

65. You can take it with you: Individual differences and expatriate effectiveness, Shaffer, Ferzandi, , 2006

66. Dimensions, Determinants, and Differences in the Expatriate Adjustment Process, Shaffer, Gilley, Harrison, "Dimensions, , 1999

67. Developing cultural intelligence:The role of non-work international experiences, Takeuchi, Tarique, , 2008

68. Social support andemotional intelligence as predictors of subjective well-being, Gallagher, Vella-Brodrick, , 2008

69. The U-curve Adjustment Hypothesis Revisited: A review and Theoretical Framework, Mendenhall, Black, The U-curve adjustmenthypothesis revisited: a review and theoretical framework, , 1991

70. Emotional intelligence correlates of the four-factormodel of cultural intelligence, Moon, , 2010

71. 호텔협력부서 업무지원이 종사원 직무만족에 미치는 영향연구, 박경호, 호텔협력부서 업무지원이 종사원 직무만족에 미치는 영향 연구, , 2004

72. 생활체육 참여자의 여가만족과 자기효능감 및 사회적응의 관계, 곽호근, 곽호근, 인하대학교 일반대학원, , 2007

73. Organizationalcommitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians, Bolian, Steers, "Organizational commitment, , 1974

74. Antecedents andconsequences of cultural intelligence among short-termbusiness travelers, Tay, Westman, Chia, , 2008

75. Sourcesof support and expatriate performance: The mediating role ofexpatriate adjustment, Kraimer, Wayne, Jaworski, , 2001

76. 중국인 근로자의 직무성과 향상을 위한 기업문화 적응에관한 연구, 박종돈, , 2010

77. Task performance and contextual performance: the meaning for personnel selection research, Motowildo, Borman, Task performance andcontextual performance: The meaning for personnel selectionresearch, , 1997

78. A Services Marketing Management Model: Integrating Internal and External Marketing Functions, McCullough, Randall, Tansuhaj, A servicesmarketing management model: integrating internal and externalmarketing functions, , 1988

79. Conceptualization of culturalintelligence: Definition, distinctiveness, and nomologicalnetwork, Van Dyne, Ang, "Conceptualization of culturalintelligence: Definition, , 2008

80. Handbook of cultural intelligence:Theory, measurement, and applications: ME SharpeIncorporated, Ang, Van Dyne, "Handbook of cultural intelligence:Theory, , 2008

81. Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and a theoretical framework for future research, Mendenhall, Black, Cross-cultural trainingeffectiveness: A review and a theoretical framework for futureresearch, , 1990

82. Cultural Intelligence in Cross-Cultural Selling: Propositions andDirections for Future Research, Guesalaga, Weilbaker, Hansen, , 2011

83. 사회복지전담공무원의 직무만족과 직무성과에 미치는 요인에 관한 연구, 초의수, 최인섭, , 2001

84. Relationships among Organisational JusticePerceptions, Adjustment, and Turnover of United States?, Siers, "Relationships among Organisational JusticePerceptions, , 2007

85. Research Edge: TowardCulture Intelligence: Turning Cultural Differences into aWorkplace Advantage, Mosakowski, Earley, , 2004

86. Self-efficacy as anintrapersonal predictor for internal whistleblowing: A US andCanada examination, MacNab, Worthley, , 2008

87. The impact of culture ontechnology and business: An interdisciplinary, experientialcourse paradigm, Davis, Tcha?cha, "The impact of culture ontechnology and business: An interdisciplinary, , 2005

88. Effects of AlternativeTraining Methods on Self-Efficacy and Performance in Computer SoftwareTraining, Rosen.B, Gist, Effects of alternativetraining methods on self-efficacy and performance in computersoftware training, , 1989

89. 해외주재원의 이문화 적응과정에서 불확실성 감소와 해외체류에 대한 만족, 박재수, 전선규, , 2000

90. Cultural differencesand usability evaluation: Individualistic and collectivisticparticipants compared, Steehouder, Hall, De Jong, , 2004

91. An Experimental Approach to Cross-culturalAdaptation: A Study of Japanese Expatriates' Learning Styles, Yamazaki, , 2004

92. Coming Home: The-Relationship of ExpatriateExpectations with Repatriation Adjustment and JobPerformance, Black, , 1992

93. The relationshipbetween expatriates' personality traits and their adjustment tointernational assignments, Lawler, Chi, Huang, , 2005

94. 감성지능이 직무스트레스와 직무만족 및 직무성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구, 유효근(You, Hyo-Keun), 김승평(Kim, Seung-Pyong), 한국인적자원관리학회, "인적자원관리연구, , 2008

95. Individual differences and expatriate assignment effectiveness: The case of U.S.-based Korean expatriates, Kim, Slocum, , 2008

96. 인적자원관리시스템이 조직몰입에 미치는 영향: 리더십의 조절효과를 중심으로, 차길수, 이수광, 인적자원관리시스템이 조직몰입에 미치는 영향-리더십의 조절효과를 중심으로, , 2007

97. Individual characteristics aspredictors of cultural intelligence development: The relevanceof self-efficacy, Worthley, MacNab, , 2012

98. 연구논문: 백두산 지역 관광호텔 내부서비스품질과 종사원 직무만족에 관한 연구, 최철호, 이정자, , 2004

99. Emotional intelligence and jobsatisfaction: Testing the mediatory role of positive and negative affect atwork, Kafetsios, Zampetakis, Emotional intelligence and jobsatisfaction: Testing the mediatory role of positive and negativeaffect at work, , 2008

100. Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives, Black,J.S., Oddou,G., Mendenhall,M., Toward acomprehensive model of international adjustment: An integrationof multiple theoretical perspectives, , 1991

101. 외국인근로자의 이문화 적응과 조직공정성이 조직몰입에미치는 영향에 관한 연구, 하규수, , 2011

102. Job Satisfaction and OrganizationalCommitment as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship and In-Role Behaviors, S.E.Anderson, Williams, Job satisfaction andorganizational commitment as predictors of organizationalcitizenship and in-role behaviors, , 1991

103. Theconvergent discriminant, and incremental validity of scores ona self-report measure of cultural intelligence, Lam, Fischer, Hall, Ward, "Theconvergent discriminant, , 2009

104. 컨벤션센터 종사원의 직무특성이 조직몰입, 직무만족, 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향, 주현식, 윤승현, 김화경, "컨벤션센터 종사원의 직무특성이 조직몰입 직무만족, , 2007

105. 호텔종사원의 직무스트레스, 직무만족, 조직몰입과 이직의도와의 관계에 대한 연구, 김형섭, "호텔종사원의 직무스트레스 직무만족, , 2005

106. Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions, Bhaskar-Shrinvas, Luk, , 2005

107. The effects of cultural intelligenceon expatriate performance: The moderating effects of internationalexperience, Lee, Sukoco, , 2010

108. The relative importance of antecedents to cross-cultural adjustment: Implications for managing a global workforce, Palthe, The relative importance of antecedents tocross-cultural adjustment: Implications for managing a globalworkforce, , 2004

109. The definition measurement and prediction of intercultural adjustment and jobperformance among corporate expatriates, Tucker, Lahti, Bonial, , 2004

110. The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments, Black,J.S., Stephens,G.K., The influence of the spouseon American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in PacificRim overseas assignments, , 1989

111. 사회복지사의 윤리적 책임행동 결정변인에 관한 연구: 서울지역 사회복지관을 중심으로, 김경희, , 2000

112. The Elusive Cultural Chameleon:Cultural Intelligence as a New Approach to Intercultural Trainingfor the Global Manager, Peterson, Earley, , 2004

113. Motivationalcultural intelligence realistic job preview, realistic livingconditions preview, and cross-cultural adjustment, Chandrasekar, Templer, Tay, "Motivationalcultural intelligence realistic job preview, , 2006

114. 해외주재원의 이문화 적응에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구-중국진출 한국기업을 중심으로, 한인수, 심춘화, , 2012

115. 해외근무 관리자의 리더십 특성들이 이문화 적응 및 해외근무 성과와의 상관관계에 관한 연구, 장영철, , 2001

116. 직무만족과 개인-직무 부합도가 청년근로자의 이직 결정에 미치는 영향: 사건사 분석법의 적용, 이선희 ( Sun Hee Lee ), 한국심리학회, , 2008

117. Examination of relationships among trait-like individualdifferences, state-like individual differences, and learningperformance, Chen, Kilcullen, Whiteman, "Examination of relationships among trait-like individualdifferences, , 2000

118. Cultural intelligence: Itsmeasurement and effects on cultural judgment and decisionmaking cultural adaptation and task performance, Chandrasekar, , 2007

119. The Moderator-mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations, David A.Kenny, Reuben M.Baron, "The moderator-mediatorvariable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, , 1986

120. Trust, trustworthiness, and trustpropensity: A meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk takingand job performance, Colquitt, Scott, LePine, "Trust, , 2007

121. An empirical investigation of therelationships between modes and degree of expatriateadjustment and multiple measures of performance, Baack, Shay, , 2006

122. Organizationalcitizenship behaviors : A critical review of the theoreticaland empirical literature and suggestions for future research, Paine, Posdakoff, Bachrach, , 2000

123. The effect of organisational cultureand leadership style on job satisfaction and organisationalcommitment: A cross-national comparison, Crawford, Lok, , 2004

124. A meta-analyticstudy of social desirability distortion in computer-administeredquestionnaires, traditional questionnaires, and interviews, Kiesler, Drasgow, Weisband, "A meta-analyticstudy of social desirability distortion in computer-administeredquestionnaires, , 1999

125. Job satisfaction among expatriates,repatriates and domesticemployees: The perceived impact of international assignments onwork-relatedvariables, Bonache, Job satisfaction among expatriates repatriates anddomestic employees: The perceived impact of internationalassignments on work-related variables, , 2005

126. CharacterizingEthical Cases: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of IndividualDifferences, Organisational Climate, and Leadership on EthicalDecision-Making, Elenkov, Nabirukhina, Kuntz, "CharacterizingEthical Cases: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of IndividualDifferences, , 2012

127. 셀프리더십이 팀웍과 자기효능감 직무만족, 조직몰입 및직무성과에 미치는 영향. Wine & Dining Restaurant 을 중심으로, 김연선, "셀프리더십이 팀웍과 자기효능감 직무만족, , 2008

128. 임상심리학 이론의 경험적 검증을 위한 최신 연구방법론:구조방정식 모형을이용한 매개모형과 잠재평균모형의 분석, 홍세희, 임상심리학 이론의 경험적 검증을 위한 최신 연구방법론:구조 방정식 모형을 이용한 매개모형과 잠재평균모형의 분석, , 2001

129. Job satisfaction, organizationalcommitment, turnover intention, and turnover: path analysesbased on meta? analytic findings. Personnel psychology, 46(2),259-293, Tett, Meyer, "Job satisfaction, , 1993

130. Selecting expatriates for personality characteristics: A moderating effect of personality on the relationship between host national contact and cross-cultural adjustment, Caligiuri, Selecting expatriates for personalitycharacteristics: a moderating effect of personality on therelationship between host national contact and cross-culturaladjustment, , 2000

131. Relationship of core self-evaluations traits ?self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability? with job satisfaction and job performance：A meta-analysis, Judge, T. A., "Relationship of coreself-evaluations traits?self-esteem, , 2001