This thesis aims to examine “the death of cinema”, which has overwhelmed cinematic discourses since the 2000s. I propose the three perspectives of media, narrative, and ideology for viewing these proliferating discourses of the death of cinema, an...
This thesis aims to examine “the death of cinema”, which has overwhelmed cinematic discourses since the 2000s. I propose the three perspectives of media, narrative, and ideology for viewing these proliferating discourses of the death of cinema, and also explore the change in the conditions on which today’s film images are based. In my thesis, “the death of cinema” indicates, first of all, the disappearance of celluloid, which is the most crucial factor that has determined the ontological definition of cinema; secondly, the phrase indicates the fall of narrative telos; and lastly, I refer to the immateriality and simultaneity of cinematic production in the postfordist system, a loss of the indexical link to the world, and the control society in the age of digital information. The phrase, “the death of cinema” illuminated in this thesis could be thus transposed as “cinema and death”.
In my thesis, “the death of cinema”, I consider death as both a break and a connection. Throughout my thesis, I indicate an in-between temporality of death. Furthermore, I define death as the groundlessness by which the existing ontological condition of cinema falls apart and its future comes into being. Cinema now has to reformulate its own fundamental conditions, for it has lost its previous ontological ground and its indexical link to the world. The term “postfilmic”, which I often use in the thesis, does not privilege the terminology of new media to imply a radical break from all previous media, including celluloid films. I try to consider the term “postfilmic cinema” as one of kinship with the digital in the context of both breaking and continuing with a celluloid era. I explore in this thesis such an intervention of death in postfilmic cinema since the 2000s, from the discernible perspective of the distinction between inside and outside like a Klein bottle to understand postfilmic phenomenon as a topological epistemology.
Using this topological methodology, each chapter analyzes and compares films since the 2000s across the range of characteristics including medium, genre, production company, period, and platform, to name a few, as well as other related visual cultures such as video art, video game, photography, and painting. Through a close-reading of select films, I argue that the discourses of the death of cinema is closely related to discourses on the end of history, the failure and suspension of signification, and the rise and fall of im/material production modes.
Chapter 2 examines and criticizes the responses of several influential film theorists in the 2000s to the disappearance of celluloid film and the rise of the digital or new media in cinema now.
In chapter 3, I describe the characteristics of recent films that explore and inscribe their own media archaeology and categorize the non-chronological, repetitive and fragmented narratives in global films since the 2000s. I read closely Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives (2010) by Apichatpong Weerasethakul, marking postfilmic characteristics in unique celluloid based film in relation to historiography and the future of cinema via multi-layed death. Apichatpong’s film is a convoluted example that incarnation of the body, the extinction of history, and the death of cinema are interwoven. I argue that Apichatpong’s film insists the fact that the future of cinema and the responsibility for history are inseparable, and that it proposes an aesthetics of archive as a new historiography with a responsible inheritance.
In chapter 4, I examine how the signification of the photogram, framing, and shot/reverse shot have changed in the postfilmic by analyzing and comparing three films that utilize photographs both as their themes and as the visible expression of photograms: La Jetée (1962) by Chris Marker, Blow-up (1966) by Michelangelo Antonioni, and The Facts In the Case of Mister Hollow (2009) by Rodrigo Gudiño. The postfilmic aesthetics that I would like to unearth in those films is associated with philosophical questions on the relationship between time and space, stillness and motion, and acceleration and suspension, beyond matters of filmic styles. I argue in this chapter that a ghostlike immaterialization of the photogram in postfilmic cinema makes stillness and motion, acceleration and suspension indiscernible, and thus, that postfilmic images do not present themselves as evidence of the world but rather as data or information. In this procedure, the durative time-image transforms into an inference-image in informational flow and, furthermore, the effect of shot/reverse shots changes into an interface effect, which inscribes a failure of signification.
In my thesis, I consider shifts in today’s political and economic conditions from material production to immaterial production, the nation-state to neo-liberal governance, and capital’s expropriation of death and immaterial labor. In chapter 5, I examine the ways in which images of death are exhibited as a spectacle in control society through the forensic noir genre. I then argue that the South Korean independent documentary, Two Doors (2011) by Kim Il-rhan and Hong Ji-you reveals the mode of cinematic production in a control and informational society by creating a new kind of genre that appropriates forensic noir and court drama. Also, Two Doors reconstructs the real-time experience of social death using found footage from surveillance cameras, internet live-action broadcasts, and the date-stamped images from the police video cameras. Two Doors exposes the process of image and knowledge production, helping us to take back general intelligence expropriated by capital and restore communality for the political, creating in the process what I call a virtual public sphere.
In conclusion, I argue that the postfilmic marks a shift from historiography to archive, suture effect to interface effect, time-image to inference-image, indexical image linked to the world to informational image as database for statistics and algorithms, and the world viewed to the world programmed. Death in the postfilmic is a space for cinema to imagine the thought of the inside/out restoring its creativity, and renewing its ontological condition in and against the digital tendency of repeating self-evident and recurring movement. To recapture the reality of the world, the postfilmic should create a new expression alongside the changed conditions of the world.