平壤 土城里 출토 高句麗 古式 輻線蓮華紋 와당 연구 : 東京大學 종합연구자료관 건축사부문 소장품을 중심으로 = (A) study about Goguryeo ancient Wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile of Pyeongyang Toseong-ri

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper presented attribute classification of Goguryeo ancient wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile, excavated from Toseong-ri, based on their shapes and joint designs, and I made the form classification after examining extracted attributes. Afterwards I have determined the chronological location of ancient wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile excavated in Toseong-ri ruin through cross-check with ancient wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile excavated from Jian and Pyongyang region. Also, based on this result, I have set the a stage of development of Goguryeo ancient wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile, and made the brief study of their change aspects. The main thesis from each chapter is summarized as below.
In Chapter Ⅲ, I have made the form classification of 55 Goguryeo ancient wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tiles, excavated from Toseong-ri ruin in Pyongyang, possessed by the University of Tokyo research reference center, based on their shapes and joint techniques. First of all I divided them according to the number of fan shaped sections and dividing lines: Toseong-ri type Ⅰ(2 dividing lines, 4 sections) Toseong-ri type Ⅱ(3 dividing lines, 6 sections), Toseong-ri type Ⅲ(3 dividing lines, 8 sections). Afterwards I reviewed the production report of Toseong-ri wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tiles. By checking the joint design of roof-end tiles, I divided Toseong-ri type Ⅰ, Ⅱ-1, Ⅲ-1 into ‘lining’ and type Ⅱ-2, Ⅲ-2 into ‘sealing’. After finding tiles produced with the same mold, looking through each type’s patterned side; I have categorized the tiles into 3 groups based on the trace of mold found in type Ⅱ-2 patterned side.
In Chapter Ⅳ, I set the relative chronological order of Toseong-ri type Ⅰ~Ⅲ based on the examination of the form classification and the production technique. Toseong-ri type Ⅰ roof-end tiles have the elements of Nakrang’s 4 section roof-end tile, and are considered as the oldest type according to the trace of painting in patterned side. Width in between two circle lines of type Ⅰ roof-end tiles gets broader and the width of fan shaped sections gets narrower by the passage of the time. Therefore, making lotus bud and inside and outside of circle lines width gradually broaden. In conclusion, the relative chronological order of type Ⅰ roof-end tile is Ⅰ-1→Ⅰ-2→Ⅰ-3a→Ⅰ-3b. Next I set the chronological order of type Ⅰ~Ⅲ roof-end tile based on their width of fan shaped sections, joint design, shape of lotus bud, and width of circle lines and dividing lines: type Ⅰ(Ⅰ-1→Ⅰ-2→Ⅰ-3a→Ⅰ-3b)→type Ⅱ-1→ type Ⅲ-1→type Ⅱ-2→type Ⅲ-2. Afterward I briefly studied the types of wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tiles excavated in Jian and Pyongyang, and their development process.
In chapter Ⅴ I set the chronological location of Toseong-ri ruins through cross-check of Jian’s large stone mound tombs and wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile excavated from Pyongyang’s Goguryeo ruin, with the ones excavated in Toseong-ri. Also based on the patterns and producing techniques dealt in chapter Ⅲ, Ⅳ, I have checked the development stages of various wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile. In Pyongyang, diverse types of wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tiles had been excavated in many Goguryeo ruins including Toseong-ri, Daesung mountain fortress, Cheongam-ri earthen ramparts. These wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile’s patterns and production techniques change into diverse types through the passage of time. I divided Pyongyang’s wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile into three stages according to development stages. The first stage is ancient wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile stage. Toseong-ri roof-end tile type Ⅰ~Ⅲ belong to this stage. The period is from the latter part of the 4th century (4/4) to the early 5th century (1/4).
1st stage: Wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile with eclectic pattern of Nakrang’s 4 section roof-end tile and Jian’s wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile pattern motive, which was only found in Toseong-ri was produced.
2nd stage: Roof-end tiles excavated in Daesung mountain fortress, Cheongam-ri earthen ramparts and Pyeongcheon-ri ruin belongs to this stage. The period is from the early 5th century (2/4) to the late 5th century (3/4). Palaces and Buddhist temples in Pyongyang started to produce and use the diverse types of wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile in this period.
3rd stage: Jungrung-sa temple site’s roof-end tile was produced in this stage. The period is the late 5th century (4/4). Wheel-like lotus flower pattern roof-end tile of the 3rd stage is atrophied form. Patterns and lotus buds are simplified than the stage 1and 2.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말 1
• Ⅱ. 선행연구 검토 및 연구방향 3
• 1. 유적검토 및 입수경로 3
• 2. 선행연구 검토 5
• 3. 연구목적 및 연구방향 8
• Ⅲ. 형식분류 및 제작기법 검토 10
• 1. 형식분류 10
• 2. 제작기법의 검토 51
• Ⅳ. 토성리 출토 古式 복선연화문 와당의 상대편년 62
• 1. 토성리 출토 古式 복선연화문 와당 62
• 2. 집안, 평양지역 출토 복선연화문와당 68
• Ⅴ. 평양지역 복선연화문 와당의 변천 96
• 1. 토성리출토 古式 복선연화문 와당 연대 96
• 2. 평양지역 복선연화문 와당의 전개 102
• Ⅵ. 맺음말 106
• 參考文獻 108
• Abstract 112