This study mainly focuses on legal regulations on false accusation in the early Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮) and their historic meaning. The elements and effect of false accusation are traced based in the criminal codes of that time as well as the cases in ...
This study mainly focuses on legal regulations on false accusation in the early Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮) and their historic meaning. The elements and effect of false accusation are traced based in the criminal codes of that time as well as the cases in the Sillok(實錄). Also, the realities of false accusation cases from 1392 to 1494 are analyzed with emphasis on how legal principle of false accusation worked and affected actual life. Joseon Dynasty enacted its own code, Gyeong-Guk Dae-Jeon(經國大典), at an early stage, which adopted Dae Myeong Ryul(大明律, Chinese: Da Ming lü) but modified it to adapt to Joseon circumstances. In the mean time, interpretation of Dae Myeong Ryul which functioned as the basic criminal code of the Joseon Dynasty was vigorously disputed including issues about false accusation.
False accusation has been regulated since ancient times in China. A person who falsely accused another was subjected to punishment by retortion, which means imposing on the false accuser the punishment for the crime of which he had falsely accused his victim. This rule was called "Banjwa"(反坐, Chinese: Fanzou). Banjwa had been established well from Tang Code(唐律). Dae Myeong Ryul classified the types of false accusation and reinforced the punishment in proportion to the severity of crime falsely accused. Joseon Dynasty has established its own legal system in terms of adoption and partial modifying Dae Myeong Ryul in order to ensure the security of the dynasty and protect its values, such as Confucian hierarchical order and ethics.
False accusation consisted of two elements: accusation and falsity. Almost all instances of accusation could be subject to claims of false accusation due to the comprehensive and extensive requirements for accusation in the early Joseon Dynasty. In addition, certain types of accusations, such as a slave's accusation against his or her owner or a resident's accusation against his or her magistrate, were punished unconditionally, whether they were false or not, because of the supreme importance of maintaining hierarchical order. Falsity meant that the substance of accusation was fabricated, which was a practical criterion for false accusation on account of broad scope of accusation. The Joseon Dynasty separated and distinguished between truth and falsity of an accusation according to Dae Myeong Ryul, by which the element of falsity was satisfied only if the most serious crime amid all of the accused crimes could be seen as false. Even in this case, punishment of the false accuser was no more than the punishment that would have been meted out for the false portion of the accusation, after mitigating punishment for true portion of accusation. To satisfy the requirement of falsity, there should be an intent for falsity. In general, as long as the accuser did not take account of whether accusation was true or not, the intent was established. However, exceptions arose at times, which required stricter standards to establish intent for false impeachment of government officials, and required no showing of intent for false accusations of moral turpitude.
According to the Tang Code, in all cases of falsely accusing others of punishable offenses, the penalty should be the same as that for the offenses that are falsely accused. This rule was revised in Dae Myeong Ryul and the penalty of false accusation should be generally increased two or three degrees over that for the offenses that are falsely accused except for death penalty cases. It was clear that the penalty of false accusation was determined on the extent of damage that the false accusers did to their victim in both codes. This rule is on the basis of Banjwa which means basically talion in which a person who inflicted damage on another person has to be punished accordingly for the damages. The principle of lex talionis has been largely accepted as retributivism from ancient era in both East and West. The law of Banjwa, however, was not limited to mere talion. It functioned as a means of the prevention of false accusations through proportional punishment for them. In the early Joseon Dynasty, it was considered as an appropriate instrument not only for moderating social disorder but also for decreasing litigation and dispute, in addition to retaliating against the criminal who falsely accused another. Despite the law of Banjwa, there was an exceptional sentencing guide regarding rebellion and treason. A number of cases involved accusations of these crimes, which threatened national security, since accusing a person of these crimes might cause rapid investigation and severe violence against the accused without delay. Thus, Joseon Dynasty sometimes adopted extraordinarily severe punishment against false accusations of these crimes.
As far as real cases in the early Joseon Dynasty are concerned, false accusation were made by a broad range of people from a wide variety of social classes. An overwhelming proportion of false accusation was related to rebellion. People at that time falsely accused others motivated by personal grudges, vengeful feelings and greed for property as much as in these days. False accusation cases gradually decreased as a result of strict application of the law of Banjwa. Consequently, the Joseon Dynasty was able to accomplish not only prevention of false accusation crimes and litigations, but also reinforcement of the Confucian hierarchical system. Also, the Joseon Dynasty encouraged public criticism toward king’s reign as well as bureaucrat’s administration because such impeachment accusations could be punished only by showing the accuser's strong conviction of falsity. This contributed to forming a sound political platform. When it came to interpretation of the elements of false accusation, the fact that criteria for evaluating falsity were objectively established contributed not only to the encouragement of crime reporting, but also to maintenance of a stable system of accusation. Regulations concerning false accusation in the early Joseon Dynasty were sustained throughout the whole duration of Joseon. They were also reflected in the Penal Code of Dae-Han Empire(大韓帝國) in 1905.