The examined working memory skills in children with hearing impairments in an effort to understand the factors affection cognitive and language development. Baddeley’s working memory model (which consists of three subsystems; central executive, pho...
The examined working memory skills in children with hearing impairments in an effort to understand the factors affection cognitive and language development. Baddeley’s working memory model (which consists of three subsystems; central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad) was used as a framework for this study. Experiments were conducted comparing the performance of hearing impaired(HI) children to those with normal hearing(NH) on two types of tasks involving working memory. Sixty hearing-impaired children and seventy children with normal hearing participated in this study. The participants did not have any intellectual or emotional problems. The average age of participants was seven years and three months.
Two experiments were conducted related to the central executive subsystem of the model. Experiment 1, which employed the Stroop task, and experiment 2, which used digital span task-backward(DB). In experiment 1, no significant differences were observed between the HI and NH groups with regards to reaction time and the number of errors on the Stroop task. In contrast, there was significant difference between these groups in the DB task.
Experiment 3 and 4 employed two different working memory tasks in order to investigate the phonological loop subsystem of the model. Auditory and Visual stimuli were presented in a DF(digital span-forward) task and an NRT(non-word repetition test). Hearing impaired children performed better in Experiment 4(visual stimuli) than in Experiment 3(auditory). However, the performances of children with normal hearing did not differ to the stimuli conditions. Experiments 3 and 4 also used SOPT(self ordered pointing test) and CBT(corsi blocking test) tasks in order to investigate the visuospatial sketchpad subsystem. In the SOPT task differences between the two groups was observed on concrete verbal tasks, with the HI group having poorer performance than the NH group. However, in the abstract nonverbal tasks, there were no observed differences between the two groups. The NH group performed significantly better than the HI group on the CBT task.
A covariance analysis(ANCOVA) was also performed with respect to language development age. Performance in the central executive subsystem did not differ between the two groups. The phonological loop for auditory stimuli, presented in both the DF and NRT tasks, showed that the NH group performed significantly better than the HI group. However, for the visual stimuli presented in the DF and NRT tasks, the HI group performed better than the NH group.
Additionally, in the SOPT task, the HI group demonstrated poorer performance in the concrete verbal tasks but higher performance in the abstract nonverbal tasks. The results of the CBT did not differ between the two groups.
The above results conclusively show differences between the HI group and the NH group in, the central executive, phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad tasks. Furthermore, when there were stimuli conditions, there were obvious results. Additionally, consistent with previous studies, the ability to perform working memory tasks appears to be a critical influence on language development.
The results of this study help to shed light on the direction we need to take regarding the intervention of hearing impaired children’s cognitive and language education.