This study describes the techniques used in royal portraiture during the late Joseon Dynasty (the Late 17th Century through the early 20th Century) based on academic studies, a collection of royal protocols from the period, and scientific surveys of t...
This study describes the techniques used in royal portraiture during the late Joseon Dynasty (the Late 17th Century through the early 20th Century) based on academic studies, a collection of royal protocols from the period, and scientific surveys of the portraits in question.
Because of the Japanese occupation of Korea (1910-1945), Korea lost many of its traditional arts, including its time-honored portraiture techniques. Later, during the Korean War (1950-1953), many royal portraits from the Joseon period were burned. However, a few of these portraits—as well as a collection of royal protocols detailing their construction—survived, so scholars can still study the techniques employed and marvel at the skills of traditional Korean portraitists. Only six royal portraits survive: two of King Taejo (the founding father of the Joseon Dynasty who reigned from 1392-1398)—one is in blue clothing (1872) and the other is in red clothing (1900)—two of King Yeongjo (who reigned from 1724-1776)—one portrait (1714) was made before he took the throne when he was known as Prince Yeoning and another (1900) after his ascension—one (1826) of King Ikjong (who reigned from 1809-1930), and one (1861) of King Cheoljong (who reigned from 1849-1863). These traditional royal portraits demonstrate both the quality of the Joseon artists and also the techniques that they used. Unfortunately, with the exception of one of the portraits of King Taejo (in blue clothing), all of these royal portraits were severely damaged by fire.
While several studies about these royal portraits currently exist, they are written from an art history point-of-view and do not provide a substantial analysis of the actual techniques, skills, and materials involved in the painting of the portraits. Several artists have made replicas of these royal portraits before, but due to extremely limited access to the original portraits, most of these replicates were forced to use photographs of the paintings as their sole reference material. This meant that they had to use mere conjecture and imagination to determine their replica-making process. In addition, although there are numerous collections of royal protocols related to traditional royal portraiture, few artists afforded them anything more than a cursory examination. Therefore, the proper techniques and materials described in the protocols have been lost on most artists and scholars. Not only have I taken these collections into account, but I also had access to the original paintings, which allowed me to do my research directly from the source. This opportunity allowed me to make replicas that followed the original techniques, mimicking the original materials as closely as possible.
I explored the techniques, skills, and materials used in these traditional portraits, and then applied them towards creating my own replicas of the portraits. To accomplish this, I thoroughly researched the original portraits, making use of both academic studies—a list of the painters chosen by the court and many of the pigments, papers, silks, etc. used were documented in the a collection of royal protocols called “Uigwe(儀軌)”—and scientific surveys—such as, microscopic examination and XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry) pigment analysis of the portraits. This research allowed me to determine which techniques and raw materials were used with a great deal of accuracy. By mimicking the techniques and using similar materials, I attempted to make my paintings as similar to the originals as possible.
Through this research, I discovered several important characteristics of the royal portraiture of the late Joseon Dynasty. Each royal portrait was produced by a group four to ten portraitist chosen from among the court painters. This group consisted of a chief painter and several assistant painters. Usually, it took between seven and ten days to make a full-length portrait and about three days to finish a half-length one. The process starts with drawing a draft on oil paper, which is translucent and similar to silk canvas. In draft drawing, the portraitist sketched the king with charcoal and then drew lines with ink and brush on top of the charcoal sketch. After that, coloring began. Both sides of the oil paper were painted, beginning with the reverse. This draft drawing was very important in establishing the look of the final portrait, and was, therefore, repeated multiple times before the artists moved on to the next step. If the draft drawing was satisfactory, the painters advanced to drawing on a silk canvas. The draft drawing was traced directly onto the silk canvas with ink and brush, because the silk canvases used were so transparent and sheer that charcoal lines would be easily visible through the canvas. After the ink tracing is done, the portrait was colored (as before) on both sides, beginning with the reverse and then progressing to the front. When the painting was finished, it was pasted onto paper and silk in order to strengthen the structural integrity of the painting. Finally, the top and bottom of the portrait was decorated with tassels and pieces of silk and made into a scroll.
The most important stylistic element in traditional Korean painting, as well as most other traditional Asian painting is the line. Traditional Asian painting developed many types of lines and brush strokes, which mimicked various elements in the painters’ environments. Three of the most common line types in traditional Korean portraiture are: Gaoguyousimiao (高古遊絲描), which refers to a series of thin lines resembling the long, loose, waving strands of a silk worm’s thread, Tiexianmiao (鐵線描), which is a thin, steady line resembling wire, and Dingtoushuweimiao (釘頭鼠尾描), which is a series of long, tapering lines resembling rat tales. Though my research, I was able to determine which lines were employed in traditional Korean portraiture and for which purposes they were used. Gaoguyousimiao is usually used to depict the faces of the kings with a series of dark brown lines. For the painting of the kings’ robes, however, usage differs between the portraits. Dingtoushuweimiao is used in the portraits of Prince Yeoning and King Taejo, but Tiexianmiao is used in the portraits of King Yeongjo, King Ikjong, and King Cheoljong. In addition to which types of lines are used, other technical differences exist between the portraits. For example, in the portraits of King Taejo and King Cheoljong, the Tiexianmiao lines of the robes were retraced after coloring, since the pigment used on the front of the portrait was too thick and made the lines appear too faint. On the other hand, in the portraits of Prince Yeoning and King Yeongjo, all of the lines were painted only once, and the pigment used in coloring the front was kept remarkably thin, which allowed the original lines to show through and alleviated the need for retracing. Many other such variations in technique were discovered through my research, and they are detailed in the full essay.
Materials used for royal portraits were of the highest quality available in the Joseon Dynasty. Gold leaf was used extensively on the reverse of the canvas, and gold powder was used for coloring the front of the canvas. In addition, other mineral-based and plant-based pigments were used. First-hand observation of the original portraits showed which pigments were used on which side of the canvas to create the final color effect of the portraits. This technique of painting both sides of the canvas is unique to silk-canvas portraiture and has several benefits. From an aesthetic perspective, the artists were able to create a clear, watercolor-like effect on the faces of the subjects by using only a very thin layer of plant-based pigment to color the faces on the display-side of the portrait. This made the ever-important lines clearly visible, thanks to the transparency of the thin pigment layer. The technique was also useful in terms of preservation and conservation, as the majority of the coloring, and the thickest layers of pigment were painted on the reverse of the canvas and then pasted to paper and silk, protecting them from harm. It also made economic sense, since the artists could use relatively cheap plant-based pigments (such as indigo dye) for the majority of the back of the canvas, while more expensive mineral-based pigments (such as azurite) were on display over most of the front side.
The essay details many common characteristics between the six royal portraits and compares them with other Korean and Chinese portraits of the period, examining both the artistry of traditional Korean portraits as well as the techniques, skills, and materials used to create them.